Structured Query Language

(SQL)

Asif Sohail
University of the Punjab
Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT)

Note:
The slides are adapted from “Oracle Corporation”

Datbase Systems Slide 1

 Introduction

 SQL pronounced as Sequel is a language for RDBMS or

SQL makes RDBMS possible.
 It was first defined by Chamberlin and others at IBM’s
research laboratory in San Jose, California (Late 1970’s)
 ANSI and ISO have worked for the standardization of SQL.
 SQL is a non procedural language.
 SQL does much more and is more powerful than just
asking queries from the database.
 Using SQL, one can:

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 Introduction
• Create Relations or Tables.
• Insert, Delete and Update Records.
• Apply Validation Checks.
• Create users.
• Apply Security Restrictions etc. etc.

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 Communicating with a RDBMS Using SQL

SQL statement
is entered Statement is sent to
SQL> SELECT loc database
2 FROM dept;

Database

Data is displayed
LOC
-------------
NEW YORK
DALLAS
CHICAGO
BOSTON

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 SQL and SQL Plus Interaction

SQL Statements SQL Statements

Buffer

Server
SQL*Plus

SQL*Plus Query Results

Commands
Formatted Report

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 Logging In to SQL Plus

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 SQL Statements
SELECT Data retrieval

INSERT
UPDATE Data manipulation language (DML)
DELETE

CREATE
ALTER
DROP Data definition language (DDL)
RENAME
TRUNCATE

COMMIT
ROLLBACK Transaction control
SAVEPOINT

GRANT
Data control language (DCL)
REVOKE

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 Tables Used in the Course
EMP
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
--------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
DEPT 7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
DEPTNO 7521
DNAMEWARD SALESMAN
LOC 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
--------- 7902 FORD
-------------- ANALYST
---------- 7566 03-DEC-81 SALGRADE
3000 20
7369 10
SMITH CLERK NEW
ACCOUNTING 7902 17-DEC-80 800
GRADE LOSAL 20
HISAL
YORK 7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000
--------- 20
--------- ---------
20 7876 ADAMS
RESEARCH CLERK
DALLAS 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 1 700 20
1200
30 7934
SALESMILLER CLERK
CHICAGO 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 2 1201 10
1400
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON 3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999

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 Querying the Tables
• The Select statement is the building block for querying the
tables:
• Syntax:
SELECT [DISTINCT] {* | column [alias],...}
FROM table (s)
[WHERE clause]
[ORDER BY clause]
[GROUP BY clause]
[HAVING clause]
• SELECT identifies what columns
• FROM identifies which table

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 Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements

Selection Projection

Table 1 Table 1
Join

Table 1 Table 2

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 Writing SQL Statements

– SQL statements are not case sensitive.

– SQL statements can be on one or
more lines.
– Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split across
lines.
– Clauses are usually placed on separate lines.
– Tabs and indents are used to enhance readability.

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 Writing SQL Statements
 Examples (Querying emp table):
• Select * from emp;
• Select empno from emp;
• Select empno,ename,job from emp;
• Select ename,sal+100 from emp;
• Select ename, sal*2/100 “Tax” from emp;
• Select empno,ename,job,sal,sal*12 “Annual Sal” from
emp;
• Select distinct job from emp;

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 Selecting All Columns

SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM dept;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC

--------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

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 Selecting Specific Columns

SQL> SELECT deptno, loc

2 FROM dept;

DEPTNO LOC
--------- -------------
10 NEW YORK
20 DALLAS
30 CHICAGO
40 BOSTON

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 Arithmetic Expressions

• Create expressions on NUMBER and DATE

data by using arithmetic operators.

Operator Description

+ Add

- Subtract

* Multiply

/ Divide

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 Using Arithmetic Operators

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, sal+300

2 FROM emp;

ENAME SAL SAL+300

---------- --------- ---------
KING 5000 5300
BLAKE 2850 3150
CLARK 2450 2750
JONES 2975 3275
MARTIN 1250 1550
ALLEN 1600 1900
...
14 rows selected.

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 Operator Precedence
_
* / +
– Multiplication and division take priority over
addition and subtraction.
– Operators of the same priority are evaluated
from left to right.
– Parentheses are used to force prioritized
evaluation and to clarify statements.

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 Defining a Column Alias

– Renames a column heading

– Is useful with calculations
– Immediately follows column name; optional
AS keyword between column name and alias
– Requires double quotation marks if it
contains spaces or special characters or is
case sensitive

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 Using Column Aliases
SQL> SELECT ename AS name, sal salary
2 FROM emp;

NAME SALARY
------------- ---------
...

SQL> SELECT ename "Name",

2 sal*12 "Annual Salary"
3 FROM emp;

Name Annual Salary

------------- -------------
...

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 Defining a Null Value
– A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned,
unknown, or inapplicable.
– A null is not the same as zero or a blank space.

SQL> SELECT ename, job, comm

2 FROM emp;

ENAME JOB COMM

---------- --------- ---------
KING PRESIDENT
BLAKE MANAGER
...
TURNER SALESMAN 0
...
14 rows selected.

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 Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions

•Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null.

SQL> select ename, 12*sal+comm
2 from emp;

ENAME 12*SAL+COMM
---------- -----------
KING

To avoid the above, use nvl function.

ENAME 12*SAL+ NVL(COMM,0)
---------- -------------------
KING 5000

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 Concatenation Operator
– Concatenates columns or character strings to other
columns
– Is represented by two vertical bars (||)
– Creates a resultant column that is a character
expression
SQL> SELECT ename||job AS "Employees"
2 FROM emp;

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 Literal Character Strings
– A literal is a character, expression, or number included
in the SELECT list.
– Date and character literal values must be enclosed
within single quotation marks.
– Each character string is output once for each row
returned.

SQL> SELECT ename ||' '||'is a'||' '||job

2 AS "Employee Details"
3 FROM emp;

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 Duplicate Rows
• The default display of queries is all rows,
including duplicate rows.
SQL> SELECT deptno
2 FROM emp;

DEPTNO
---------
10
30
10
20
...
14 rows selected.

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 Eliminating Duplicate Rows
Eliminate duplicate rows by using the
DISTINCT keyword in the SELECT clause.
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT deptno
2 FROM emp;

DEPTNO
---------
10
20
30

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 Thank you for your attention.

Asif Sohail

Assistant Professor
University of the Punjab
Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT)
Allama Iqbal (Old) Campus, Anarkali
Lahore, Pakistan
Tel: +92-(0)42-111-923-923 Ext. 154
E-mail: asif@pucit.edu.pk

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