INDUSTRIAL MATERIAL OF

STEEL, GLASS, CONCRETE, AND

ITS IMPACT ON INTERIOR
DESIGN

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WHAT STEEL IS MADE OF?

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. Stainless steels are steels containing at least
10.5% chromium, less than 1.2% carbon and other alloying elements.

WHAT ARE THE FOUR TYPES OF STEEL?

1. Carbon Steel
Carbon steel looks dull, matte-like,
and is known to be vulnerable to
corrosion. Overall, there are three
subtypes to this one: low, medium,
and high carbon steel, with low
containing about .30% of carbon,
medium .60%, and high 1.5%. The
name itself actually comes from the
reality that they contain a very small
amount of other alloying elements.
They are exceptionally strong, which C45/AISI 1045 steel is a medium carbon
is why they are often used to make steel suitable for parts such as gears, bolts, 2
general-purpose axles and shafts, keys and studs.
things like knives, high-tension wires,
automotive parts, and other similar
items.
2. Alloy Steel

Next up is alloy steel, which is a mixture of

several different metals, like nickel, copper, and
aluminum. These tend to be more on the
cheaper side, more resistant to corrosion and
are favored for some car parts, pipelines, ship
hulls, and mechanical projects. For this one, the
strength depends on the concentration of the
elements that it contains.
AISI 4317/18NiCrMo5 alloy steel: high core strength and
toughness, heavy duty bearings, cam followers, clutch dogs,
compressor colts, fan shafts, heavy duty gears, pump shafts

3. Tool Steel

Tool steel is famous for being hard and both heat and scrape resistant. The
name is derived from the fact that they are very commonly used to make metal
tools, like hammers. For these, they are made up of things like cobalt,
molybdenum, and tungsten, and that is the underlying reason why tool steel has 3
such advanced durability and heat resistance features.
4. Stainless Steel

Last but not least, stainless steels

are probably the most well-known
type on the market. This type is
shiny and generally has around 10 to
20% chromium, which is their main
alloying element. With this
combination, it allows the steel to
be resistant to corrosion and very
easily molded into varying shapes.
Because of their easy manipulation,
flexibility, and quality, stainless steel
can be found in surgical equipment,
home applications, silverware, and
even implemented as exterior Stainless steel 316L: suitable for heat exchangers,
cladding for commercial/industrial pipelines, materials for exterior construction in coastal
areas, watch bracelet, case, etc. for advanced
buildings.
watches, equipments for the use of marine, chemicals,
dyes, food industry.
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 INTERIORS USING STEEL

CEILING WALLS INTERIORS OF KITCHEN

FLOORING FURNITURES STAIRCASE

5
Why You Should Use
Steel In Your Home’s
Interior Design?
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1. TRENDY
If you look online for steel design ideas for your home, you’ll see several interior
décor inspirations that you can apply with this material. It’s because steel is quite
trendy in home interior design, thanks to its aesthetic appeal.

Steel is resistant to wear and tear, which means it can help homeowners add nice
touches to their homes for extended periods. With a little creativity and imagination,
homeowners can create beautiful living spaces without spending a fortune on
renovations by using this metal.

Note that the uses of steel in home décor are practically limitless. Perhaps, the
only limitation that would prohibit you from using steel interior decorations is your
imagination. For instance, you can use steel to form mosaic wall tiles for your
contemporary dwelling. Otherwise, you may use this metal as your flooring as the
material may also be an excellent insulator. Plus, your floor will shine and exude that
modern glow you might be aiming for your home’s interior aesthetic.

Another option is to make a contemporary fireplace out of this material. A steel

fireplace may deliver a contemporary yet massive presence in your living room. It
may even include a storage space if you desire. 7
2. DURABLE
Steel is among the many durable materials you can use for your home’s
interiors. But, keep in mind that different types of steel exist, and each variant
tends to vary in quality and durability.

Some grades of steel tend to be better than others. Nonetheless, many, if not
most, steel variants tend to be quite sturdy, especially in providing protection and
security for various indoor elements. It’s also possible to add extra protection to
steel materials to enhance their durable properties.

Aim to use steel-treating solutions to enhance the metal’s durable nature. If it

doesn’t have proper treatment, its rust resistance might degrade over time.
Furthermore, steel can be quite difficult to repair if rust begins to ‘eat’ its
construction.

You can also prevent rust by cleaning your indoor steel décor. Thankfully, it’s
not severely challenging to clean steel. Once cleaned, these steel fixtures and
accessories should look good as new. 8
3. FLEXIBLE
Steel isn’t only
durable, but it’s
also quite flexible.
Perhaps, you’ve
already seen
several metal
indoor decorations
using straight lines,
such as tables and
chair legs. But, it’s
also possible to
bend steel to form
unique design
choices. You can
make the entire
material elastic,
and to a relatively
high degree. This
property allows the 9
metal to bend,
forming different
designs.
Some uses of bent steel in homes may include (but not limited to) the following:
•Clock rims
•Candleholders
•Wall art
•Table legs
•Shelves and shelf brackets
•Mirror frames

Keep in mind that steel is a strong alloy. Hence, metal interior décor
manufacturers can reshape this material in, practically, innumerable ways.

You can stretch, smoosh, bend, twist, or skew this metal without it breaking or
buckling under pressure.

However, it might not be possible to bend or stretch steel materials without the
proper technique or equipment.

Therefore, it’s best to let the professionals handle this task to avoid making
mistakes or risking accidents.
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4. VERSATILE
It’s also possible to use steel in several different applications around the house.
Maybe, you’re thinking of using this metal to accent various design pieces in your
contemporary abode. But, you may also use it in large pieces, such
as backsplashes or entire walls. Another example is the kitchen island. This piece is
often the focal point of a kitchen. Steel kitchen islands tend to look great.
Furthermore, they’re quite functional and easy-to-clean.

Steel interior décor can also look great in the bathroom. Variants such as
stainless steel tend to be water- and rust-resistant, making them ideal for damp
settings. Furthermore, if your bathroom is large enough, you can install a steel
island in it.

Metal bathroom islands are becoming increasingly popular in today’s society. It’s
thanks to the material’s functionality and beauty. Moreover, this aesthetic and
functional metal might be easy to integrate with relatively any bathroom design. 
Steel can be integrated into Victorian households or modern homes. Consequently,
you may install metal variants to Colonial bathrooms.

It might be in your plan to stun your guests as soon as they enter your house. If 12
so, consider integrating this metal material into your stairs. Metal tends to signify
durability and strength, which means people can have peace of mind, knowing that
climbing your stairs won’t result in them falling from the platforms.
 Furthermore, steel stairs are quite a delicacy for the eyes. You can model your
stairs in relatively any way you desire, thanks to the material’s flexibility. For
instance, you might want stair handrails that look like one of Picasso’s paintings.
Consider that desire accomplished with the help of a trusted interior designer.
Consider talking to your interior designer about the many possibilities of using this
material as part of your home’s interior design.

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5. RECYCLABLE
Steel is a recyclable material. Therefore, if you want to dispose of some
furniture or décor made from this metal, you won’t need to worry about harming
Mother Nature.

Send your steel décor to recycling plants for them to repurpose the material
into other items. You can drop your items in curbside recycling bins, scrap buy-
back centers, or local recycling drop-offs.

Experts can, then, combine metal materials to form new products, which may
or may not be pieces of home decoration. Nonetheless, you’re doing the
environment a favor by using steel in your household

CONCLUSION
Steel is durable, versatile, and recyclable. It’s also quite trendy, flexible, and
versatile for indoor use. This material promotes several benefits for different
purposes, such as making durable chairs or aesthetic accents in rooms.

Use steel correctly, and you might not go back to using other materials for 14
some of your home’s interior design elements.
GLASS

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What type of material is glass?
Glass is a solid-like and transparent material that is used in numerous
applications in our daily lives. Glass is made from natural and abundant raw
materials (sand, soda ash and limestone) that are melted at very high temperature
to form a new material: glass

The ultimate strength of glass is related to the rate at which it is cooled. There are
four main types or strengths of glass:

1) Annealed Glass

Annealed glass is a basic product formed

from the annealing stage of the
float process. The molten glass is allowed to
cool slowly in a controlled way until it
reaches room temperature, relieving any
internal stresses in the glass.

Without this controlled slow cooling,

glass would crack with relatively little 16
change in temperature or slight mechanical
shock. Annealed glass is used as a base
product to form more advanced glass types.
2) Heat Strengthened Glass

Heat Strengthened Glass is semi tempered or semi toughened glass. The heat
strengthening process involves heating annealed glass back up to about 650 to 700
degrees Celsius and then cooling it quickly, although not as fast as with toughened
glass.

The heat strengthening process increases the mechanical and thermal strength
of annealed glass, making it twice as tough as annealed glass.

When it breaks the fragments are similar in size to annealed glass, but with a
greater likelihood of staying together.
This glass is not often
used in balustrades or similar
structural applications
because of its limited
strength compared to
tempered or toughened
glass, although is sometimes
specified when there is 17
concern about tempered
glass fracturing into
thousands of small pieces.
3) Tempered or Toughened Glass
This is the most common type of glass used in balustrades or similar structural
applications. Annealed glass is heated to about 700 degrees Celsius by conduction,
convection and radiation.  The cooling process is accelerated by a uniform and
simultaneous blast of air on both surfaces. The different cooling rates between the
surface and the inside of the glass produces different physical properties, resulting
in compressive stresses in the surface balanced by tensile stresses in the body of
the glass.
This process makes the glass
four to five times stronger and
safer than annealed or
untreated glass.

The counteracting stresses

or surface compression gives
toughened glass its increased
mechanical resistance to
breakage, and when it does
break, causes it to produce
small, regular, typically square 18
fragments rather than long,
dangerous shards that are far
more likely to lead to injuries.
4) Laminated Glass
Any one of the above types of glass can be laminated. The most commonly
used finished product is two sheets of toughened glass, laminated together with a
1.52mm thick Polyiynil Butyral (PVB) interlayer.

Laminated glass offers many advantages. Safety and security are the best
known of these, so rather than shattering on impact, laminated glass is held
together by the interlayer. This reduces the safety hazard associated with
shattered glass fragments, as well as, to some degree, the security risks associated
with easy penetration.

If a glass panel breaks

or shatters it is highly
unlikely that both
laminated panels will
break at the same time,
which means that the
remaining panel and
interlayer will support the
broken glass and keep it in 19
place as edge protection
until it is replaced or
secured suitably.
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 CONCRETE

What are the materials used for concrete?

Concrete is a hardened building material created by combining a chemically inert
mineral aggregate (usually sand, gravel, or crushed stone), a binder (natural or
synthetic cement), chemical additives, and water.

COST EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONALITY

Concrete is a hard-wearing and inexpensive option for home owners looking to
refurbish on a budget. Due to its negligible upkeep and low installation costs, most
interiors now see its integration.
LOW MAINTENANCE COSTS
Concrete has plenty of defining qualities that set it apart from traditional
materials. It is sturdy, and heat and water resistant. It also discourages the growth
of mold and keeps out moisture. A plethora of quality seals can help make concrete
scratch and stain proof as well.

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 The Growing Trend of Concrete in
Interior Designing
The dynamics of interior design are ever evolving. Change takes place
unceasingly, bringing forth novel ideas that aid in staying ahead of the trend curve,
which is imperative to remain relevant in the construction industry.

The industry-leading innovations fueling trends are only limited by the

imagination of the inventors. This time around, the imagination drifts towards a
revamp of industrial spaces.

Among the recently emerging trends, one which remains uncommon and has
conflicted with designing trends of the past is the increasing use of concrete in
interior spaces.

Gone are the days when concrete appeared raw and unappealing. Thanks
to new designs and casting methods, the utilitarian and sturdy aspects of concrete
are subtly being incorporated with elegance and style.
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The usage of concrete also brings with it some benefits to home owners that
lends to its growing applicability.
THE MULTIFARIOUS WORLD OF CONCRETE
In the past, concrete has been used extensively in outdoor open spaces; owing to
its practical nature and former applications such as in patios and drivewaysDriveways 32
/ Patios / Sidewalks, its possibilities as a design element seem limited. However,
concrete is anything but boring and uninspiring.
FLOORS & WALLS

Concrete works
particularly well when
used in flooring or wall
panels due to its sturdy
and long lasting nature.

While its cool

neutral gray hues
elevate the faux
industrial look in
communal spaces, it
serves as the ideal
material when bringing
a sleek minimalist
touch to modern
homes. 33
KITCHEN & BATHROOMS
Thanks to its heat and scratch resistant characteristics, it poses as the most apt
material for kitchen islands, in-built sinks, and countertops. Concrete’s utility has
also invaded the production of bathroom dividers and backsplashes as these
structures surge and enjoy their moment. Additionally, the water and stain resistant
quality of concrete-seals makes it suitable for use in wet spaces.

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ARTSY INSTALLATIONS
As stone veneers see their way out, concrete enhances the minimalist tone, which
adds to its sudden resurgence. When used for fireplaces or as art installations,
concrete provides a cohesive wholesomeness, unmatched by other surfaces. Its
flexible use makes it ideal for the construction of textured designs on walls, and art
pieces.

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CONCRETE LIGHT FIXTURES
Recent shifts in the design community have led to the development of
concrete suspension light fixtures. The simple design brings a striking contrast to
the heavy tone set by the concrete mold. The amalgamation of these two stark
concepts brings an unexpected turn in the multifarious world of concrete’s ever
expansive reach.

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IMITATING LUXURY MATERIALS
Owing to its adaptable and versatile nature, the use of concrete in indoor spaces
is ingenious. The ever evolving landscape of technology allows for the development
of new mixes that come in a variety of finishes. White concrete can be stained with
colors to add softness while a variety of concrete blends available in the market
mimic the texture of marble and limestone post-polish, making them ideal for
luxurious yet affordable interiors.

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UNIT 2 PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN & DETAILING
• Design is all around us. As human beings, we interact with design on a daily basis
whether we realize it or not.
• From your favorite band’s album cover, to the poster of that movie you can’t
wait to see. Everything man-made you touch has been designed.

• What makes good design? Aesthetically, design can be just as subjective as art

hanging in a museum gallery, but looks aren’t everything. Yes, beauty draws the
viewer in and can retain some attention, but design’s main purpose is to serve a
function, solve a problem, or both.

• The messaging and functionality are what’s important – the aesthetics merely
drive the point home.

• These principles of design highlight the fundamental aspects of what makes

design not only appealing to the eye, but functional and useful for our everyday
use.

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BALANCE

Balance is how the elements within a composition are arranged either

43
symmetrically, asymmetrically, or radially to create the impression of equality in
weight or importance.
BALANCE 44
SCALE

This is an easy one – how big or small something is. Scale affects how something is
45
balanced. The phrase “Bigger is always better” is not always the case in design.
Sometimes tiny elements can call attention just as effectively as something large. It’s
the message you’re trying to convey with the design.
SCALE

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CONTRAST
Have you ever looked at something that makes your eyes hurt? A diner menu that had
a red background but yellow type? Or a newspaper ad that is barely legible because the
dark grey type was printed against black ink? This is a from lack of contrast, or the 47
arrangement of opposite elements. Red and yellow are not far enough from each other
on the color wheel to be distinguishable enough to the eye, so the colors conflict with
each other and the result is a literal headache.
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CONTRAST
PATTERN
Pattern is the repetition of specific visual elements such as a single unit or
multitude of forms. Patterns can be used to create balance, organize surfaces in a
49
consistent manner, or create contrast. An example of this are department store floor
tiles. While they serve as decoration, they have another purpose; they lead the
customer throughout the store.
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PATTERN
MOVEMENT AND RHYTHM

Movement is how the eye moves throughout the composition; leading the
attention from one aspect to another. This can be achieved by using repeating or 51
alternating elements or patterns. How often something repeats and the intensity of
its contrast creates rhythm.
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MOVEMENT AND RHYTHM
EMPHASIS
Emphasis!!! Did that get your attention? This is when a specific element is given to a 53
distinguishing feature to separate it from a certain element or group. This can be
achieved through other principles such as contrast, movement, scale or balance.
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UNITY

What happens when you put it all together? How do all of these elements work 55
with one another? The way elements are arranged so that the image is seen as a
whole and overall, creates a visually compelling composition is unity.
 56

UNITY
STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF FORMS, PATTERNS AND COLOR SCHEMES IN NATURE.

Biomimicry in furniture design

Biomimicry examined models in nature, then imitating these designs or

taking inspiration from them which aims to provide solutions to people's problems
is one of the new branches of science.

Form, structure or materials in the nature as used for furniture design both
for aesthetic and practical purposes.

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WHAT FORM MEANS?
The shape and structure of something as distinguished from its material the
building's massive form.

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WHAT ARE THE 5 PATTERNS IN NATURE?

Spiral, meander, explosion, packing, and branching are the “Five Patterns in

Nature” that we chose to explore.

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WHAT IS NATURAL COLOR SCHEME?

The NCS states that there are six elementary color percepts of human vision—
which might coincide with the psychological primaries—as proposed by the
hypothesis of color opponency: white, black, red, yellow, green, and blue. The last
four are also called unique hues.

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Sunset Color Palette

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Ocean Color Palette

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Forest Color Palette

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Wildflower Color Palette

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Winter Color Palette

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 UNDERSTANDING THE
ELEMENTS & PRINCIPLES OF
DESIGN

Why do they matter?

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 Design is about making decisions with purpose and organizing or placing
elements in the most appropriate manner in order to communicate a message.
These actions require a thorough knowledge of the elements and principles of
design and a well-planned procedure.

An Example : Try to fix a car or put together a barbecue without knowing what a
car or barbecue is used for. Take a trip to the downtown area of a large, unfamiliar
city in Poland without a map to find a shop that sells fresh blintzes.

You can quickly see how important knowledge and research are if you are
trying to find a solution to a problem and develop a plan to get it done.

BREAKING THEM DOWN

The elements of design are what are used to create a composition (lines,
shapes, value, etc.), while the principles of design are how the elements are used.
Because the principles of design are based on psychological studies of people’s
perceptions of visual elements, they provide us with a basic framework for
applying the elements of design in order to achieve a desired mood or effect.
These psychological studies – i.e. understandings of how the eye and mind work
together to perceive and organize visual information 75
 Thus which have been linked to the Gestalt Theory, which infers two
fundamental concepts:
•People inherently look for order or a relationship between various elements.
•People perceive individual parts of an image as separate components, which are
readily grouped as part of a larger whole.

Designers use the way people naturally organize images in their heads in
order to emphasize particular aspects of a composition. A successful design is one
that uses the principles of design to arrange the elements of design in a way that
creates a desired effect based on the Gestalt Theory.

The core principles of design include unity/harmony, variety, focal

point/visual hierarchy, and balance. Unity can be achieved via placement using
repetition of line or shape, rhythm, value, or continuity while variety can be
created with contrasting lines and shapes based on visual weight, size, and type.

Repetition, rhythm, continuity, variety, scale, proximity, and contrast,

therefore, can be considered principles of design as well.
There is a significant amount of overlapping of principles and applications of
techniques that can be used to create a desired effect, and the principles of design
really can be found in the organization and design of almost anything. 76

https://www.liquifiedcreative.com/2015/06/15/understanding-the-elements-principles-of-design/
STUDY ABOUT CRAFT FURNITURE AND INDUSTRIAL FURNITURE.

Five Benefits Of Handcrafted Furniture

77
 Opting for mass-produced factory furniture may seem like the easiest and most
prudent choice. However, anyone who is in need of furnishing a home should not
purchase ordinary furniture that can be picked up from the local department store
without first looking at some handcrafted furniture options. Handcrafted furniture
has many benefits that make it a worthy choice with which to decorate any home.

1. HANDCRAFTED FURNITURE HAS A UNIQUE STYLE

Commercially made furniture can tend to have a cookie cutter feel to it.
When furniture is mass-produced, it is easier for the manufacturer to make every
piece look exactly the same.

Therefore, the furniture cannot truly reflect the personality of the person who
bought it. On the other hand, handcrafted furniture pieces have several subtle
differences that make each piece unique.

The individual pieces of furniture are created with specific rooms or decors in
mind. When a homeowner furnishes their home with several pieces of
handcrafted furniture, it can??? A unique décor that is tied together by a common
thread.
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Also, since each handcrafted piece of furniture provides a unique design, a
homeowner can find the perfect piece that reflects his or her personality.
2. QUALITY

Handcrafted furniture is made with great care and is generally of a higher

quality than mass-produced furniture.

Handcrafted furniture tends to last longer than that which is made

commercially.

Furthermore, most handcrafted furniture comes with a lifetime manufacturer’s

guarantee. Commercially made furniture is not made with the same amount of care
and quality.

Manufacturers design and create furniture with the intent of it needing to be

replaced after several years.

This practice is by design so consumers will need to make another purchase

that puts more money in the manufacturer’s pockets.

Handcrafted furniture makers take pride in their pieces and want them to be
used for a lifetime.
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Many people who buy handcrafted furniture are still using the same pieces for
generations.
3. CUSTOM DESIGNS ARE POSSIBLE

Furniture that is mass-produced must all look the same. When there are
differences in commercially made furniture pieces, they are considered flaws and
are often not even sold to the general public.

There is no way for a consumer to special-order a commercially made piece

of furniture.

The choices are limited to what the manufacturer has decided will be a
strong seller.

If a consumer is able to custom-order a piece of furniture, it is undoubtedly

at a considerably higher cost.

On the other hand, since handcrafted furniture is all made one piece at a
time, it is easy for a furniture maker to accept requests for custom designs and
then create beautiful one-of-a-kind pieces for a customer.

Custom-made furniture can be a lifesaver for furniture shoppers who are

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looking for a table with nonconventional dimensions or the perfect chair to fit in a
particular spot in a room.
4. PROVIDES PERSONALITY TO THE FURNITURE

Handcrafted furniture can create a personality for any room in which it is

located.

A crafter is able to create similar designs to several pieces of furniture that

are going to be used together or, at least, sit in the same room.

The common theme that runs through the pieces of furniture will stand out
to anyone who sees it.

Not only will the furniture be functional, it will be a conversation starter as

well.

The personality of handcrafted furniture is also evident in its natural

characteristics and markings.

Handcrafted furniture retains much of the coloration, markings, and other

characteristics of the wood from which it was made.
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Therefore, each piece of wood looks slightly different than others giving
each piece its own distinctive personality and character.
5. CRAFTSMANSHIP

Handcrafting furniture is nothing short of fine woodworking. The

craftsmanship of handmade furniture cannot be beaten.

When furniture is made by hand, it is simply much stronger and sturdier

than furniture that comes from a factory.

The quality of the craftsmanship can be felt with just one touch of the
furniture. Furniture crafters are so skilled they are able to create intricate designs
that include details such as swirls and curves without losing the important
qualities of symmetry and proportion.

Expert furniture crafters are able to create pieces that entice every human
sense. They are able to produce such fine works of functional art because of their
intense training.

Learning how to craft furniture is an arduous process that takes years to

perfect. Furniture makers must know the perfect wood to use for each project and
which tools are the best to complete the work.
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Every inch of a piece of handcrafted furniture is created with care and pride,
and it is always evident in the final product.
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 WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL MODERN FURNITURE?

You know the look you want. Reclaimed wood, distressed dining tables and
industrial chic furniture that look like they belong in a factory from a bygone era.
You want neutral tones, plain metals and reclaimed wood. And utilitarian pieces,
both in function and form.

What defines the industrial modern, or industrial chic style? “Modern”

furniture started production in the 19th and continues to the present day. While
modern may sound, well, modern, it has a different meaning in design.

Here it represents a post-World War II sensibility that disappeared in the mid-

20th century, along with the Modernist movement. Modernism sought to break
with traditional and classical forms of expression, and profoundly influenced
architecture and furniture design during its heyday.

The industrial look is essential to this style as well. Exposing materials others
try to hidelike brick or concrete, exposed beams, pipes and vents, and using
monochrome colors, along with concepts like minimalism and utilitarianism all
define important aspects of industrial design. If you incorporate industrial
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modern design into your home, it'll feel like you’re in a newly mechanized factory
in the early 1900’s. However, contemporary industrial style combines modern
aesthetics to create an excellent and unique contrast that pleases the eye.
 Industrial modern style is characterized by a raw and unfinished look. Its
aesthetics cut out the excess and lean towards practicality of form. Exposed
hardware, unfinished metals and wood, distressed finishes, and factory inspired
pieces are what it’s all about.

This style relies heavily on industrial furniture, or furniture that looks like it
was used in a factory setting. Items like a drill press stool, an old dentist’s lamp or
a drafting table could all be considered factory furniture.  This style adds to the
industrial modern mindset with its clean lines and utilitarian forms.

Often, designers achieve the industrial chic look with reclaimed or rustic
materials. Wood from old houses and barns, pipes or beams from industrial
buildings, or finished products manufactured to look like them frequent use in
industrial modern design. 

These types of materials can offer a distressed look, giving furniture the aura
of a long life full of caring use, even if newly constructed.  Reclaimed refers to a
material that would otherwise be disposed of. 

Rustic refers more to a location than a period of time, unlike other

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descriptions used here.  If something looks like it came from an old farm
house, describe it as rustic with confidence.
 Rustic, distressed and modern furniture with clean lines and a factory feel
all characterize the industrial chic style.  And you can pull it off despite the size of
your space. Factory or modern industrial furniture will suit any size room or
home. Whether focusing on a single piece in a small room, or employing
industrial chic in a large open concept kitchen and living room area, the clean
lines and natural-looking details will suit your entire home inside and out, no
matter what size.

A vintage look also plays a large part in industrial chic style.  Creating a
nostalgic atmosphere is essential to vintage design. This also proves necessary in
order to cultivate the industrial modern feel in your home or office. Vintage
furniture can be expensive and difficult to find, but it is not necessary to buy used
to get the vintage look. Fortunately, current designers are taking cues from the
past to create vintage style at a fraction of the price.

But industrial modern style is more than just a vintage, industrial, modern,
or rustic feel.  It combines contemporary elements with mid-century aesthetics
that range from refined to earthy, creating a unique, timeless and effortless
approach to design certain to suit any home or office.  At Industry Mod, we take
inspiration from these concepts and practices.  We sell the best industrial modern
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and factory furniture designs using only the finest materials.  Hand-polished
stainless steel, patina copper and top grain Italian leathers complete our designs
with elegance and class.
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 MULTIPLE UTILITY ORIENTED APPROACHES TO FURNITURE DESIGN

7 Multi-utility furniture hacks for a minimalist home

One smart way to counter the space crunch is getting multi-utility furniture for
use. Your mantra should be – spend less money & save more space. For all those
living in quaint/small apartments, Human Scale Designs gives you some Space
Saving Furniture Ideas. Because less space does not mean that you have to
compromise on your taste.

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1. Ladder Chairs

Ladder chairs are typically chairs with hinges which open up into a mini
stepladder; these are useful for reaching high kitchen cabinets and cupboard
tops. It can also be used as display unit when not in use.

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2. Foldable chairs

Modern design is now available for chairs to fold and be stacked when not in
use. Do keep a few spares for guests on occasional visits.

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3. Multi-utility Tables

The tables are commonly made of aluminium and PVC/plastic and are used
as coffee tables, entrance tables, dining tables even whereas the larger
rectangular ones are sturdier and used in large living rooms, in dining areas and
for when hosting parties.

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4. Nest Tables

Nest tables fit in snuggly one below another and can be pulled out during
parties or as coffee tables for hosting large crowd of guests. They work very well as
side tables for the bed.

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5. Sofa Beds
Did you ever have to sleep guests on the floor, or had to vacate your own bed
in order that your guests can get a good night’s rest? Even if you don’t have the
luxury of a spare room, you can turn your lounge or living room into the new ‘guest
wing’ in just a matter of seconds. Sofa-cum-beds are with inbuilt mattresses (made
of foam or spring) which can open up into a cozy bed for an afternoon nap or a
good night’s sleep.

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6. Bunk Beds

If you have more than one kid, then each one of them gets their personal
bed to sleep in. This not just gives them their own space but also helps develop a
good habit of sleeping independently. When the kids grow up and the need
comes, you can consider separating or detaching the bunk beds into two beds.

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7. Wall beds / Murphy Bed

Just as the name suggests, this is a bed inbuilt in the wall! The ones readily
available in the market include a bed fitted into the wall, and a wall with
cupboards or bookshelves which add to storage space in your homes. All you have
to do is pull out the bed during siesta time.

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97
 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Are you planning to have the interior of your home or a section of it
redesigned or redecorated? The first thing most interior designers do is to sit down
with you and come up with a design concept. This is the first step to concept
development in interior design. The goal is to understand your desired outcome
based on several factors, which an interior designer would analyze in terms of
implementation. They will then incorporate their skills and knowledge in interior
design to turn your visions into reality.

WHAT IS CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT?

It’s a process of creating a design concept which is the start of every good
design. An interior designer is trying to solve a problem, which is to satisfy your
interior decorating needs, and the concept will provide them the direction they
need to make design decisions.
Concept development aims to create a roadmap for a design and lead to
choices in aesthetics, type of design, color, and other considerations.
An interior design concept can be verbal or visual. The former, as the name
suggests, is where you use words to describe what you want your home to look like
after it’s redesign or redecorated. 98
Visual design concepts, on the other hand, put a specific color scheme or
image into your ideas making it a little more concrete. It basically puts your ideas
on paper.
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HOW IS A DESIGN CONCEPT DEVELOPED?

Different interior designers go through it in their own individual way. There’s

no one formula to generate an interior design idea, but there are parts of the
process that every designer must go through.

An interior design concept is the central theme that all the design elements
are focused upon. It exists as an idea first and is brought to reality through careful
planning. At its best, an interior design concept is a visual theme that evokes a
specific mood by strategically using color, space and style in tandem. It is the art
bring an idea to reality.
DEFINING A PROBLEM

How else can you solve a problem if you don’t know what it is to begin with?
At this stage, a designer will talk to you and ask questions about your goals for the
redesign, color scheme, choice of accessories, and the like.

The goal is to find out what you want so they can provide the appropriate
solutions.
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WE START WITH THE END IN MIND WE GET TO KNOW YOU
CONCEPT RESEARCH

Most of the time, you know what you want to see but you may not be able to
convey everything. This is why interior designers need to research into their
industry to get a better understanding of the visions you have, some of which
might have been influenced by design trends. Once all the data is in, a designer will
create a concept sheet for interior design.
 
THEMES PHASES / STEPS

WHY DO CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT MATTERS?

To help you choose the right interior design style

There are 8 popular interior design styles–Mid-century modern, industrial,

nautical, Scandinavian, Bohemian, farmhouse, urban modern, and shabby chic.
Are you familiar with any of them? With the help of an interior designer, you will
understand each style and make a better decision.

At Wolfe-Rizor Interiors, there are a number of interior design style that are
popular and make up most of the interior design concepts that we create every 101
day. Though each project is completely unique, these styles make up the most
elegant and common themes that we find in upscale homes in Winter Park, Florida.
To better understand functionality
Concept design may begin with understanding the function of room to be
designed or redesigned.

For instance, if you plan to use a room as a home office, an interior designer
will take into account natural light, the use of light-colored wallpaper or fabrics, the
appropriate choice of ergonomic furniture pieces, and other considerations.
Through concept development, your desired outcome will be achieved.

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 SKETCHING AND IDEA GENERATION.

Sketching helps discover potential issues and solutions early, prior to starting the
design and development stages.

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FIRST STEP: RESEARCH

Before sketching, you need to have a clear understanding of the problem

you are solving or the business objective for something new you are
designing. Research is where the initial ideas begin to build, so that you can
envision what you are designing. Sketching helps you extract numerous ideas out
quickly before you enter into a graphics editor to start designing the look and feel.

NEXT STEP: SKETCH

Sketching ideas are the first steps in the design process and something every
designer should do. Sketching is not just limited to designers, it occurs in many
careers that require something to get built. The beauty of sketching is that you
are not required to be an artist to produce them. Sketching is only to help explore
and explain design concepts.

Sketches can be easily created using pen and paper or a whiteboard. Using

something permanent like a pen or marker is best. The idea is to keep your
sketches fast, rough and dirty. This helps you worry less on design aesthetics and
focus more on rapid formulation of ideas. 104
WIREFRAMES

There is a common misconception that sketches and wireframes are the same;

however, they are not. Wireframes are more of a refinement of the ideas formed
during the sketching process and dictates the finer details of a user interface.
Sketching should always come before the wireframe stage.

WORKING AS A GROUP

If working in a group, sketches from team members are reviewed together in

order to compare and consolidate the best ideas. Group feedback can be verbal (or
written on post-it notes) and appended to the sketches. The best ideas from each
group member’s sketches are reviewed and often a super vote will take place.

The super vote process helps determine the best ideas from each sketch. At
this point, another round of sketching can take place or you can move directly into
the wireframing process. Wireframing is a low fidelity design (usually in black and
white) that shows all of the ideas from the sketch phase laid out in a structured
fashion.

Creating wireframes can be done with ease. There are many wireframing 105
software options available online; there's also a graphics editor, such as Adobe
Illustrator. Based on the best selected features from each sketch, you use the
wireframe process to provide structure to the layout of your design.
SKETCHING BENEFITS

•Saves time in the workflow process.

•Great for brainstorming ideas and collaborating with team members.
•Refines the wireframing process
•Helps evaluate the feasibility of features and eliminate layout and functionality
issues.
•Anyone can sketch ideas.

SKETCHING TOOLS
•Pen
•Paper
•Sharpie marker
•Highlighter
•Post-it notes
•Graph paper
•Whiteboard
Conclusion
Some of the best ideas start with a sketch. Sketching is a powerful process to
use because it always helps discover the best ideas and solutions to a design 106
problem. It is a difficult task to ‘freestyle’ a complex design out of midair without
hashing out the details. This is why sketching will remain an important step in the
design and development process.
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 UNIT 3
Anthropometry in relation with
Furniture

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STUDY OF ANTHROPOMETRY IN RELATION WITH FURNITURE

The underlying principle of anthropometrics is that building designs should

adapt to suit the human body, rather than people having to adapt to suit the
buildings. Static anthropometry is the measurement of body sizes at rest and
when using devices such as chairs, tables, beds, mobility devices, and so on.

HOW IS ANTHROPOMETRICS USED IN DESIGN?

Anthropometrics is the practice of taking measurements of the human

body and provides categorised data that can be used by designers.
Anthropometrics help designers collect useful data, eg head circumferences
when designing a safety helmet.

WHAT ARE THE 4 ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS?

Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, body mass index

(BMI), body circumference (arm, waist, hip and calf), waist to hip ratio (WHR),
elbow amplitude and knee-heel length.

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WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF ANTHROPOMETRY?
Today, anthropometry plays an important role in industrial design,
clothing design, ergonomics and architecture where statistical data about the
distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize
products.

WHY IS ANTHROPOMETRY IMPORTANT IN PRODUCT DESIGN?

Especially in the field of furniture such as chair design and table design,
anthropometry is very necessary to create comfortable work facilities. This
measurement aims to determine the shape of the body dimensions, so that
products designed are more suitable and can provide comfort to the user.

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115
 HISTORY AND BASICS OF ANTHROPOMETRY
“The study and measurement of human portions is called anthropometry”.
Anthropometry is the method of obtaining precise measurements of the human
body. It gives the comparative study of the measurements and capabilities of the
human body. It is derived from the Greek word ‘Anthropos’ (meaning human), and
‘metron’ (meaning measure).

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 Anthropometry was developed in the 19th century as a method implemented
by physical anthropologists for the study of human variation and evolution in both
living and extinct populations.

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 Around 1490, Leonardo da Vinci drew the image of the Vitruvian Man in a work
titled Canon of Proportions or The Proportions of Man where he attempted to bring
natural and mathematical harmony into the human form.

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Specifically, anthropomorphic measurements involve:
• Size (e.g., height, weight, area, and volume)
• Structure (e.g., height, width, length of various body parts), and
• Composition (e.g., the percentage of body fat, water content, and body mass) of
humans.

HISTORY OF ANTHROPOMETRY: ALPHONSE BERTILLON (1853-1914)

Alphonse Bertillon, son of the physician and founder of the Society of
Anthropology of Paris, is credited as the father of anthropometrics based on his
classification system known as the “anthropometric system” or “judicial
anthropometry”.

Alphonse Bertillon began his career working for the Paris police in the
criminal records department. It was here that he recognised a problem – it was
becoming increasingly more challenging to identify repeat offenders, as the
criminal records were stored alphabetically and many criminals were devising
aliases to avoid severe sentences.

To solve this issue, Bertillon devised a new classification system based on

anthropomorphic measurements with the assumptions that bone density is fixed 119
past the age of 20 years, and human dimensions are highly variable.
 Bertillon acquired
measurements of height, breadth,
foot size, length and width of the
head, length of the middle finger,
and the length of the left forearm,
as well as other physiological and
distinguishing characteristics of
criminals in custody (as shown
above).

He then classified each

according to size as small,
medium, or large, and added
frontal and profile photography to
each file. Such photography
technique is still currently used
today in the form of a “mug shot”.

The use of this

anthropometric system was
termed “Bertillonage”, and it 120
rapidly spread throughout the
world during the late 1800s and
early 1900s.
TOOLS FOR ANTHROPOMETRY
A variety of specialised tools (as depicted below) are used to obtain
anthropometric measurements:

•Stadiometers: height
•Anthropometers: length and circumference of body segments
•Bicondylarcallipers: bone diameter
•Skinfold callipers: skin thickness and subcutaneous fat
•Scales: weight

APPLICATIONS OF ANTHROPOMETRY
There has been a wide range of applications of anthropometry during history,
including:

•Palaeoanthropology and human evolution

•Biological Anthropology
•Craniometry and craniofacial attributes
•Phylogeography
•Criminology and Forensics
•Phrenology 121
•Physiognomy
•Personality and mental typology
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IMPORTANCE OF ANTHROPOMETRY IN ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGNING

Anthropometry plays an important role which influences a wide range of

industries, processes, services and products and has considerable importance in
optimising the design of buildings. Designing user-friendly spaces is where comes the
importance of anthropometry.

Human dimensions and capabilities are the key factors in determining a

building’s proportions and overall design. The underlying principle of
anthropometrics is that building designs should be suitable to the human body,
rather than people having to suit the buildings.

THERE ARE TWO PRIMARY AREAS OF ANTHROPOMETRY:

STATIC ANTHROPOMETRY (ERGONOMICS) FUNCTIONAL ANTHROPOMETRY

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STATIC ANTHROPOMETRY (ERGONOMICS):

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 It is the measurement of body sizes at rest and when using furniture and
devices such as chairs, tables, beds, mobility devices, etc. Since March 2020, work
from home culture has been adopted by many. Now the problem is, it is been lasting
longer than anyone initially anticipated. With this working culture incorporated
everyone ended spending a lot of time on the desk. , During this time seating in the
right posture is must, but due to lack of proper furniture at home it has led to
backache to many people.

FUNCTIONAL ANTHROPOMETRY:
It is the measurement of abilities related to movement tasks, such as reaching,
manoeuvring and motion, and other aspects of space and equipment use.
Anthropometrics in building design aims to ensure that every user is as comfortable
as possible. In recent times, it has particular significance for workplace design.

Anthropometry provides a range of standard requirements and approved

solutions for designers to help ensure suitable designs. However, it is essential to
consider the specific purpose and needs of the user.

Older people, children, people with mobility issues, wheelchair users and so on
may have different and specific requirements. In particular, good accessibility and 125
smooth movement around the building must be considered when designing
buildings and its features.
 Anthropometry
also has an impact on
space requirements for
furniture and fittings.

For example, a
bathroom must have
enough space to fit bath
accessories comfortably;
a bedroom must have
enough space to install
the required furniture
comfortably; an office
building must have
enough space to fit office
workstation

Anthropometry helps you to find out the minimum standard dimensions needed for
a human being to meet in specified work area and perform his regular activity 126
efficiently. 
ANTHROPOMETRIC APPLICATION INTO BUILDING ARCHITECTURE – CHALLENGES

A major challenge that architects, who are trying to apply anthropometry

to building architecture, face is with regards to the dimensional data of the human
body. This is primarily because the size of the human body varies according to age,
gender, race and even socio-economic factors; hence the measurements taken also
vary accordingly.

Moreover, this measurement needs to be not only static but dynamic also –
so architects need to have body dimension data when someone moves, does
activities or participates in work. The body measurements vary according to the
function we perform. There is a difference in dimensions for the way we sit, stand
or perform any activity.

Then again, anthropometric measurements cannot be equated for people

across two geographies – for example, measuring people in Philippines and
measuring in USA are two radically different things. What this translates into is that
one cannot use measurement data in Philippines to design architecture in USA.

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HOW DO YOU EXPLAIN ERGONOMICS?

Ergonomics can roughly be defined as the study of people in their working

environment. More specifically, an ergonomist (pronounced like economist) designs
or modifies the work to fit the worker, not the other way around. The goal is to
eliminate discomfort and risk of injury due to work.

HUMAN ERGONOMICS AND IMPORTANCE

Ergonomic furniture means furniture that has been designed to support

function and comfort for human use, reducing the risk of musculoskeletal
problems, joint pain, back issues, neck pains, arthritis, restricted organs and poor
blood pressure. Support natural S posture of the spine rather than forcing it into a C
shape.

WHAT IS THE CONCEPT OF ERGONOMICS IN FURNITURE DESIGN?

Ergonomics is a science focused on the study of human fit, and decreased

fatigue and discomfort through product design. Ergonomics applied to office
furniture design requires that we take into consideration how the products we
130
design fit the people that are using them.
WHAT IS ERGONOMICS AND EXAMPLE?
Ergonomics is defined as the study of how people work in their environment.
An example of ergonomics is a study of how people who primarily sit in their offices
get work-related back injuries. The science of the design of equipment, especially so
as to reduce operator fatigue, discomfort and injury.

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF ERGONOMICS?

Its purpose is to increase the safety, comfort and performance of a product
or an environment, such as an office. Ergonomics uses anthropometrical data to
determine the optimum size, shape and form of a product, and make it easier for
people to use.

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STUDY OF RESIDENTIAL FURNITURE’S: COT, SOFA SETTEE, COUCH, WARDROBE
ETC.
TOP 10 ESSENTIAL HOME FURNISHINGS

The most important pieces of furniture for your home

• Whether you are buying a new home, moving residences, or simply looking to
make your current living space more…livable, home furnishings are a necessity.
Buying furniture can be expensive, especially if you are buying new, so it is
always good to shop around and do your research on the furniture your home
most needs.

• Some people prefer to have their house or

living space thoroughly furnished while
others prefer a more simple, uncluttered
home with only the most necessary of
furnishings. Whatever your personal style,
we’ve compiled a list of 10 of the most
essential furniture items to have in your
home. 136
1. SOFA

1 on our list and possibly the king of all home furnishings, is the sofa. These
extremely versatile pieces of furniture are perfect for sitting on, lounging on,
sleeping, and of course, hiding the tv remote. Whether a home can truly be a home
without having a sofa might be up for debate depending on who you ask, however, a
sofa is almost never a waste of space in the home.

• Elegant Sofas for Your Living Room •

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2. COFFEE TABLE

While perhaps not quite an essential piece of home furniture, coffee tables are
very handy and a great addition to any living room. Have your morning coffee, read a
book, entertain guests, and you’ll most likely appreciate the functionality of the
humble coffee table.

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3. CHEST OF DRAWERS

While bulky, a chest drawer is a must-have for keeping your clothes nice and
neat. Drawers for socks, underwear, folded shirts, pants, and what have you make
the chest a great thing for your bedroom.

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4. BOOOKCASE

Few things are as impressive to guests in your home as a fully-stocked

bookcase. Even if you are not an avid reader, a bookcase is a great way to show
people that you’re sophisticated and it is a great conversation starter.

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5. ARMCHAIR

A favorite of psychiatrists and people of distinction, a nice armchair offers

amazing comfort and aesthetic value to your home.  While not quite as
multipurposeful as a sofa, armchairs are a great addition to your living room.

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6. DINING ROOM TABLE

The kitchen table, or dining room table, is the de-facto gathering place in many
homes. If you have a family or occasionally entertain friends, a dining room table is a
must-have

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7. DESK

Desks are versatile pieces of furniture that can be used as workspaces and for
storage. Desks come in many different styles and configurations depending on
purpose.

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8. WARDROBE

Unless you are someone who doesn’t have a need for hanging clothes, a
wardrobe is a must-have, albeit, bulky, piece of furniture.

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9. BED

Right next to the sofa, the bed is an absolute-must. Whether it’s a simple
mattress on the floor or a king-sized pad, you’d be hard-pressed to find a living
space devoid of one of these. After all, we spend about ⅓ of our live sleeping on
one!

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10. OUTDOOR TABLE

For those with yards, outdoor furniture is important for making the most out of
our outdoor spaces. A nice outdoor table with an umbrella can be a great place to
gather around outside when the weather is nice.

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