Lesson 3 Central Tendency

Lesson 3: Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency
Statistical Analysis with

Software Application
Statistical Analysis with Software Application
A. Measure of Central Tendency
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

• The Measure of Central Tendency is the point about which
the scores tend to cluster.
• It is a single number that represents the general level of

performance of a group.
• It is the center of concentration of scores in any set of data.
• Determines a numerical value in the central region of a

distribution of scores.
1. Mean
 read "bar x," is the average of the set of data. It is the center of gravity of a
distribution
2. Median
 read tilde "x" is a positional value. It is the "midpoint of the distribution
when data are ranked according to size.
3. Mode
 read "caret x," is a "frequency value." It is the value that occurs most
frequently
4. Midrange is the value midway between the highest score and the lowest score.
Measure of Central Tendency

for Ungrouped Data
1. Mean
a. Simple Mean or Unweighted Mean
 take into consideration the item values without regard to their relative
importance.
where x = items/scores
n = number of items
Measure of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data

Example: A sample of 15 students was taken and was asked how
much time they travel from their respective places of residence to the
school. The results are listed below.
1. Mean
a. Simple Mean or Unweighted Mean
 take into consideration the item values without regard to their relative importance.
Example: A sample of 15 students was taken and was asked
how much time they travel from their respective places of
residence to the school. The results are listed below.
n = number of items 30 15 35 20 25
25 30 15 35 20
10 45 30 20 35

1. Mean
b. Weighted Mean
 take into consideration the proper weights assigned to the observed values
according to importance.
n = number of items

1. Mean Example: A student took 3 exams in Math. He finished the first
b. Weighted Mean exam in 45 minutes and got grade of 88; 60 minutes on the 2nd
exam and got 92; and 90 minutes on the 3rd exam and got 85.
What was the student's mean score for the three exams?
n = number of items

1. Mean
c. Mean for Simple Frequency Distribution
where f = frequency
x = items/scores
n = number of items

1. Mean
c. Mean for Simple Frequency Distribution
Illustrative Example:
where f = frequency
x = items/scores
n = number of items

2. Median
Step in finding the media:
Step 1: Arrange the data is ascending or descending order.
Step 2: Solve for the location of the median (modal number) using the formula
=
Step 3. If n is even the median is the average of the two middle scores.

2. Median
Step in finding the media:
Step 1: Arrange the data is ascending or descending order.
Step 2: Solve for the location of the median (modal number) using the formula
=
Step 3. If n is even the median is the average of the two middle scores.
Example: 6 5 9 7 8 2 6 Example: 8 5 9 7 6 10 6 2

2. Median
Example: A sample of 15 students was taken and was asked how much time they
travel from their respective places of residence to the school. The results are listed
below.
30 15 35 20 25
25 30 15 35 20
10 45 30 20 35

3. Mode
 It is the value with the largest frequency.
 It is the value that occurs most frequently in the distribution.
Example: 6 5 9 7 8 2 6

3. Mode
Example: A sample of 15 students was taken and was asked how much time they
travel from their respective places of residence to the school. The results are listed
below.
30 15 35 20 25
25 30 15 35 20
10 45 30 20 35

4. Midrange
Example: A sample of 15 students was taken and was asked how much time they travel from
their respective places of residence to the school. The results are listed below.
30 15 35 20 25
25 30 15 35 20
10 45 30 20 35

Measure of Central Tendency

For Grouped Data
1. Mean
a. Long Method
where f = frequency
x = class marks
n = number of samples
Measure of Central Tendency for Grouped Data

1. Mean
a. Long Method 90 67 117 89 75 101 110 80 76 81 88
90 66 112 87 69 100 103 81 91 94 108
where f = frequency 95 63 115 86 73 97 104 76 64 92 98

x = class marks
n = number of samples 96 62 114 84 71 98 108 77 94 65 80
93 65 113 83 72 99 105 78 84 93 99
96 68 92 88 85 100 102 78 87 86

1. Mean
b. Short Method or Assumed Mean Method
Assumed Mean – is the class mark of the class interval near the center of the
distribution or the class mark of the interval with the highest frequency.
where = assumed mean

f = frequency
n = sample size
d = decoded value
w = class width
Part II The Statistical Tools
Lesson 6: Data Management
1. Mean
b. Short Method or
Assumed Mean Method
where = assumed mean

f = frequency
n = sample size
d = decoded value
w = class width

2. Median
where = Lower Real Limit

f ≤ = cumulative less than frequency
f = frequency
n = sample
w = class width

2. Median Illustrative Example:
Where
= Lower Real Limit
f ≤ = cumulative less than frequency
f = frequency
n = sample
w = class width

3. Mode
where = Lower Real Limit

= difference between the highest frequency and the
frequency of the interval below it
= difference between the highest frequency and the
frequency of the interval above it
w = class width

3. Mode Illustrative Example:
where
= Lower Real Limit
= difference between the highest frequency
and the frequency of the interval below it
= difference between the highest frequency
and the frequency of the interval above it
w = class width

3. Mode
a. True Mode

3. Mode
b. Crude Mode – is the midpoint of the class interval with the highest frequency


Lesson 3 Central Tendency

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Lesson 3: Descriptive Statistics

Measures of Central Tendency

Statistical Analysis with

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

• It is a single number that represents the general level of

• It is the center of concentration of scores in any set of data.

• Determines a numerical value in the central region of a

Measure of Central Tendency

Measure of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency

Measure of Central Tendency for Grouped Data

90 66 112 87 69 100 103 81 91 94 108

where f = frequency 95 63 115 86 73 97 104 76 64 92 98

Measure of Central Tendency for Grouped Data

where = assumed mean

where = assumed mean

Measure of Central Tendency for Grouped Data

where = Lower Real Limit

Measure of Central Tendency for Grouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency for Grouped Data

where = Lower Real Limit

Measure of Central Tendency for Grouped Data

3. Mode Illustrative Example:

Measure of Central Tendency for Grouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency for Grouped Data

Measure of Central Tendency for Grouped Data

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