19AR03007

HUMANITIES
Semester III

Faculty : Ar.Sriparvathy Unni

ar.sriparvathy@gmail.com
+91 8281926256
 Module Contents
MODULE 2
Man, Environment and Society
• Journey of man from ancient through medieval to contemporary; formation of
group living, settlements and beginning of community living as rural & urban.
• Concepts of society, culture, traditions & civilization and their progressive
development through different ages from Paleolithic to contemporary.
• Culture and society, cultural lag, Deviant subculture, Culture and civilization.
• Different theories about culture and social identity with reference to
architecture, social construction of space.
• Relation between culture and built form (exploration of architectural examples)
based on design practices followed across India and the world.
• Social development for Sustainable development, Sustainable Indigenous
communities with case examples.
 What is Culture?
 Culture is the characteristics of a people: the sum total of ways of living built up
by a group of human beings, transmitted from one generation to another. Culture
is manifested in human artifacts (An artifact is any object made or modified by a
human culture, and later recovered by an archaeological endeavor) and activities
such as music, literature, lifestyle, food, painting and sculpture, theater and film.

What is Civilization?
 A civilization is a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with
complex legal and political and religious organizations). In short, civilization is
and advance state of human society --- the sum of cultures, science, industry,
and government. So, you can have several cultures in one civilization. On the
other extreme, civilization is the breakthrough of the human society meaning that
it is the advanced level of social and human development.
 BASIS FOR COMPARISON CULTURE CIVILIZATION
Meaning Culture is a term used to denote the Civilization refers to the process
manifestation of the manner in through which a region or society,
which we think, behave and act. outstretches an advanced stage of
human development and
organization.
What is it? End – no measurement standards Means – Precise measurement
standards
Represents What we are? What we possess?
Reflected in Religion, art, dance, literature, Law, administration, infrastructure,
customs, morals, music, philosophy, architecture, social arrangement,
etc. etc.
Expression Higher level of inner refinement. Higher level of general
development.
Advancement No Yes
Interdependency Culture can grow and exist without Civilization cannot grow and exist
civilization. without culture.
 What is Society?
 A society, or a human society, is a group of people involved with each other
through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same
geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority
and dominant cultural expectations.
 Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations)
between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given
society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its
constituent members.

What is Traditions?
 A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with
symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. A part of
culture that is passed from person to person or generation to generation, possibly
differing in detail from family to family, such as the way to celebrate holidays.
 While it is commonly assumed that traditions have ancient history, many
traditions have been invented on purpose, whether that be political or cultural,
over short periods of time.
 - 800 000 - 9600 - 6000 - 2200

Paleolithic Age Mesolithic Age Neolithic Age Bronze Age

The Paleolithic period begins with
the first evidence of human
technology (stone tools) more than
three million years ago, and ends
with the major changes in human
societies instigated by the invention
of agriculture and animal
domestication.
Mankind adapted to rapid
global warming circa 9,600
BCE ago. Their lifestyle
continued to be based on
hunting, fishing and gathering
until with the arrival of the
Neolithic farmers-
breeders circa 6000 BCE in
France.
The Neolithic period
extended from 6000 to 2200
BCE. The nomadic way of
life was replaced by a
sedentary farming-based one.
Ceramic pottery and some
stone tools, like axes, were
polished.
Bronze Age (Metal Ages) is
marked by major technological
and social progress. It was an
important step in the evolution
of major European societies. It
is characterized by the use of
bronze metallurgy.
 - 800 - 52 500 1500

Iron Age Antiquity Middle Ages Early Modern Period

During this period, people
across much of Europe, Asia
and Africa began making tools
and weapons from iron and
steel. For some societies, like
Greece, this period was
accompanied by a period of
cultural decline.
Classical antiquity is the period It spanned more than 1000 years. In
of cultural history centered on the history of Europe, the Middle
the Mediterranean Sea, Ages or Medieval Period lasted from
comprising of the inter-locking the 5th to the 15th century. It began
civilizations of Greece and with the fall of the Western Roman
Rome known as the Greco- Empire and merged into the
Roman world. In 52 Renaissance and the Age of
BCE Caesar conquered Gaul. Discovery.
The modern era covers 3
centuries between the end of the
Middle Ages and the French
Revolution-
Renaissance(1350 - 1600),
Reformation (1517 - 1648) ,
Enlightenment (1600 -1800) and
Industrial Revolution
(1750 - 1900).
 1555
Colonial Period
The contemporary period extends
from the beginning of the 19th
century to the present day. It is
characterized by demographic
growth, industrialization and
productivism,
1800
Industrial Revolution
This 18th century period marked
by social and technological
change in which manufacturing
began to rely on steam power,
factory produced goods and
improvements in transportation.
1900
20th Century
The Age of Globalization
experienced World War I and II,
cold wars, nuclear power; inter-
governmental organizations and
cultural changes, transportation
and communication technology;
emergence of Digital world,
poverty and population growth
etc.
2000
21st Century
The Digital Revolution is
marked by the rise of global
economies and Third World
consumerism, global concern
over terrorism and an increase
in private enterprises. Effects of
climate change and population
explosion led to resource
depletion.