INTRODUCTION TO

CRIMINOLOGY
• LECTURER:
& PSYCHOLOGY OF CRIMES
VIVIAN P. AVELINO
[Registered Criminologist]
Eligibility:
Criminologist Licensure Exam, 2021
 *THE NATURE OF
CRIMINOLOGY
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
• PERSONALITIES
 What is CRIMINOLOGY?
 Criminology is the scientific study of crimes, criminals and
the efforts of the society to prevent and repress them

 Criminology is a body of knowledge regarding crime and

criminals as a social phenomenon. It includes in its scope
the process of making of laws, breaking of laws, and the
reaction towards the breaking of laws ; (Sutherland)

 Criminology is a multidisciplinary study of crime. (Bartol)

 Criminology is a body of knowledge regarding delinquency

and crime as social phenomenon. (Tradio)
 ETYMOLOGY OF THE
WORD CRIMINOLOGY
 The word criminology came from Latin
word CRĪMEN which means
“ACCUSATION” and Greek word
“LOGOS” meaning “TO STUDY”
literally means study of accusations.
 WHO COINED THE WORD
CRIMINOLOGY?
 In 1885, italian law professor RAFAELE
GAROFALO coined the term “CRIMINOLOGIA”

 1n 1887, French Anthropologist PAUL

TOPINARD used the analogous French term “

 In 1889, the term CRIMINOLOGY was

introduced into English Language by PAUL
TOPINARD
 IS CRIMINOLOGY A SCIENCE?
 GEORGE L WILKER
-He argued that criminology cannot possibly become a
science. Accordingly, general propositions of universal
validity are the essence of science

 EDWIN SUTHERLAND & DONALD CRESSEY

-they claimed that criminology at present is not a science
but it has HOPE of becoming a science. This is because it
has not yet acquired universal validity and acceptance.

CIRILO M TRADIO
- he humbly submits that criminology at present is a
science
WHAT ARE THE NATURE OF
 CRIMINOLOGY?
It is a SOCIAL SCIENCE - in as much as crime in social
creation that it exist in a society being a social phenomenon
. Its study must be considered a part of social science

 It is APPLIED SCIENCE - it applies scientific methods and

procedures of the social as well as natural sciences in the
study or investigation of crimes and criminal behavior.

 It is NATIONALISTIC the study of crimes must be in relation

with the existing criminal law within the territory or
country.

 It is DYNAMIC criminology changes as social condition

changes it is concomitant with the advancement of other
science that has been applied to it.
 SCOPES OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. Study of the causes of crimes and
development (criminal Etiology)

2. Study of the origin and development of

criminal laws (Sociology of Law)

3. Study of the different factors such as:

 SCOPES OF
 CRIMINOLOGY (cont…)
Criminal Demography- study of the relationship between criminality and
population.

 Criminal Sociology- study the effects of social conditions on crime and

criminals , including the machinery of justice and the evolution of criminal
law and punishment.

 Criminal Psychology- study of human behavior in relation to criminality

 Criminal Psychiatry- study of human minds in relation to criminality

 Criminal Ecology- the study of criminality in relation to spatial distribution

in the community

 Criminal Epidemiology- study criminology as an epidemic disease.

 Criminal Physical Anthropology- study of criminality in relation to physical

constitution of men

 Victimology- study of the role of the victim in the commission of crime.

 SCOPES OF CRIMINOLOGY (con…)
4. Study of the various process and measures adopted by society in
violation of criminal laws.

 The detection and investigation of crime

 The arrest and apprehension of criminals

 The prosecution and conviction of the criminal in the judicial

proceedings

 The enforcement of laws, decrees and regulations

 The administration of the police and other law enforcement

agencies.

 Maintenance of recreational facilities and other auxiliary to

prevent the development of crimes and criminal behavior.
 PURPOSE OF STUDYING
CRIMINOLOGY
-The primary aim is to prevent the crime problem

-To understand crimes and criminals

-To prepare for a career in law enforcement and scientific crime

detection

-To develop an understanding of the constitutional guarantees and

due process of law in the administration of justice

-To foster a higher concept of citizenry and leadership together

with an understanding of one moral and legal responsibilities to
his fellowmen, his community and nation.
 BRIEF HISTORY OF CRIMINOLOGY
 Study of criminology started in “Europe”

*18th Century- the emphasis of criminology was on the reform of criminal

law and not on the causes of crime. Scholar such as Cesare Beccaria and
Jeremy Bentham where more concerned with the humanitarian aspects in
dealing with criminals and reforming several criminal laws.

*19th Century- Cesare Lombroso advocated the theory that crime can be
attributed to heredity predisposition. According to Lombroso, a criminal
person by birth is a distinct type. It can be recognize through his personal
stigmata or anomalies

 Latter part of 19th Century

*Criminology was accepted as field of study by the department of

sociology in U.S.
 PHILIPPINES
 Plaridel Educational Institution (now PCCR- Philippine
College of Criminology) was established by Manila Major
Police Eliseo Vibar , Dr. Pedro R Solis (NBI) Supreme
court Associative Justice Felix Bautista Angelo in 1950

 Early 1960s UM ,Abad Santos College, University of the

Visayas, University of Mindanao, University of Baguio
Offered a Criminology Course

 University of The Visayas (UV) first offered criminology

course in cebu

 University of Negros Recolectos (UNOR) first offered

Criminology Education in Western Visayas.
 IMPORTANT
PERSONALITIES
 CESAR LOMBROSO
( Ezechia Marchia Lombroso)
Father of:
 Modern Criminology
 Empirical Criminology
 Criminal
Anthropology
 Founder of Positivist/
Italian School
“Atavism”

ATAVISM- THE VIEW THAT CRIME IS “ATAVISTIC STIGMATA- THE

DUE TO GENETIC THROWBACK TO A PHYSICAL FEATURES OF CREATURES
MORE PRIMITIVE AND AGGRESSIVE AT AN EARLIER STAGE OF
FORM OF HUMAN BEING DEVELOPMENT.
CESARE BECCARIA
(Cesare Bonesana Marchese De Beccaria
 Father of Old or  DETERRENCE – THE PREVENTION OF
CRIMINAL ACTS BY THE USE OF
Classical Criminology THREAT OR PUNISHMENT

 Founder of Classical
School
 “free will”
 “DETERRENCE”
 Abolition of torture
& Death penalty

FREEWILL – “ASSUMPTION THAT INDIVIDUALS

ARE RATIONAL BEING THAT CAN BE CHOOSE
BETWEEN GOOD OR EVIL, THEREFORE SUFFER
THE CONSEQUENCE OF THEIR ACTION
 AUGUST COMTE
 “”Father of Sociology”


 applied scientific
methods to the study of
society

 French sociologist who

coined the French term
“sociologie”
 CHARLES GORING
 -English statistician, studied
the case history of 2000
convicts

 Heredity is more influential

as a determiner of criminal
behavior than environment

 Accepted Lombroso’s
challenge that the body
physique is a
determminant of behavior
*WILLIAM SHELDON
 SOMATOTYPING
THEORY- heredity as
the primary
determinants of
behavior and physique
is a reliable indicator
of personality

 Principle of “Survival
of the Fittest”
3 Types of Body Physique acc. To Sheldon
 ENDOMORPH – had fat, soft, and round body types,
and their personality was described as relaxed, hind of
eating, and sociable

 MESOMORPH- had muscular, rectangular, strong, and

personality-wise were filled with energy, courage, and
assertive tendencies

 ECTOMORPH- had thin, long, fragile, as well as brainy,

artistic, and introverted;
 TYPES OF PHYSIQUE TEMPERAMENT

VISCERETONIC- generally
ENDOMORPHIC Relaxation of the body: a
comfortable person; loves luxury;
and essentially extrovert person

ROMOTONIC- active, dynamic,

MESOMORPHIC walks, talk gestures assertively and
behaves aggressively

CEREBROTONIC- introvert full of

ECTOMORPHIC functional complaints, allergies,
and skins troubles, chronic fatigue,
sensitive to noise, shrink from
crowds.
 ERNST KRETSCHMER
 4 Types of Body Physique acc. To Kretschmer

PYKNIC TYPE- those who are stout and with round bodies.
They tend to commit deception and fraud

ATHLETIC- those who are muscular and strong. They are

usually connected with crimes of violence

ASTHENIC TYPE- those who are skinny and slender. Their

crimes are petty thieves and burglars.

DYSPLASTIC/MIXED TYPE (unproportionate body)- those

who are less clear evident having any predominant type.
Their offenses are against decency and morality.
 EARNEST HOOTON
 -An anthropologist who re
examined the work of
Goring and found out that:
 TALL THIN MEN tend to
commit forgery and fraud
 UNDERSIZED MEN are
thieves and burglars
 SHORT HEAVY PERSON
commit assault, rape and
other sex crimes
 MEDIOCRE (AVERAGE)
PHYSIQUE flounders around
among other crimes”.
EDWIN H. SUTHERLAND
 “Father of American
Criminology”
 “Dean of Modern
Criminology”
 “most important
criminologist of the
twentieth century”
 DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOCIATION THEORY
(DAT)
 -”criminal behavior is
LEARNED not inherited”
 ADOLPHE QUETELET
 A Belgian statistician who
pionered CARTOGRAPHY &
Cartographical School of
Ciminology
 He made use of STATISTICS
to analyze the relationship
between crime and
sociological factors.
 “THERMIC LAW OF
DELINQUENCY
 SUMMER (Crimes against
PERSON)
 WINTER (Crimes agaist
PROPERTY
 Cartographic School of Criminology-
“ made use of statistical data such as population, age
gender, occupation, religious affiliations and social
economic status and studies their influences and
relationship to criminality”.
ALEC JOHN JEFFREYS
 -

 A British Geneticist,
who developed
techniques for DNA
FINGERPRINTING
or DNA PROFILING
J.K. Lavater Giambattista dela Porta

 PYSIOGNOMY- It is the assestment of a

person’s character or personality from
their outer appearance especially the
FACE.
 Franz Joseph Gall Johan K
Spurzheim

 PHRENOLOGY – The study of the shape

and protuberance of the SKULL based on
the now discredited belief that they reveal
character and mental capacity.