Geometry

2D Shapes
Line segment: A line segment has two end points with a definite length.

Ray: A ray has one end point and infinitely extends in one direction.

Straight line: A straight line has neither starting nor end point and is of infinite
length.
Acute angle: The angle that is between 0° and 90° is an acute angle,
∠A in the figure below.

Obtuse angle: The angle that is between 90° and 180° is an obtuse
angle, ∠B as shown below.
Right angle: The angle that is 90° is a Right angle, ∠C as shown below.

Straight angle: The angle that is 180° is a straight angle, ∠AOB in the figure
below.
Supplementary angles:

In the figure above, ∠AOC + ∠COB = ∠AOB = 180°

If the sum of two angles is 180° then the angles are called supplementary angles.
Two right angles always supplement each other.
The pair of adjacent angles whose sum is a straight angle is called a linear pair.

Complementary angles:

∠COA + ∠AOB = 90°

If the sum of two angles is 90° then the two angles are called complementary angles.
Adjacent angles:
The angles that have a common arm and a common vertex are called adjacent angles.
In the figure above, ∠BOA and ∠AOC are adjacent angles. Their common arm is OA and common vertex is ‘O’.

Vertically opposite angles:

When two lines intersect, the angles formed opposite to each other at the point of intersection (vertex) are called vertically
opposite angles.

In the figure above,

x and y are two intersecting lines.
∠A and ∠C make one pair of vertically opposite angles and
∠B and ∠D make another pair of vertically opposite angles.
Perpendicular lines: When there is a right angle between two lines, the lines are said to be
perpendicular to each other.

Here, the lines OA and OB are said to be perpendicular to each other.

Parallel lines:

Here, A and B are two parallel lines, intersected by a line p.

The line p is called a transversal, that which intersects two or more lines (not necessarily parallel
lines) at distinct points.
Types of Angles Angles
Interior Angles ∠3, ∠4, ∠5, ∠6
Exterior Angles ∠1, ∠2, ∠7, ∠8

Vertically opposite Angles (∠1, ∠3), (∠2, ∠4), (∠5, ∠7), (∠6,
∠8)
(∠1, ∠5), (∠2, ∠6), (∠3, ∠7), (∠4,
Corresponding Angles
∠8)
Interior Alternate Angles (∠3, ∠5), (∠4, ∠6)
Exterior Alternate Angles (∠1, ∠7), (∠2, ∠8)
Interior Angles on the same side of
(∠3, ∠6), (∠4, ∠5)
transversal
If the lines m and n are parallel to each other, then determine the angles ∠5 and ∠7.
∠2 = 125°

∠2 = ∠4 since they are vertically opposite angles.

Therefore, ∠4 = 125°

∠4 is one of the interior angles on the same side of the

transversal.

Therefore, ∠4 + ∠5 = 180°

125 + ∠5 = 180 → ∠5 = 180 – 125 = 55°

∠5 = ∠7 since vertically opposite angles.

Therefore, ∠5 = ∠7 = 55°
Basic properties of triangles
The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°. This is called the angle-sum property.

•The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side. Similarly, the
difference between the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is less than the length of the third side.

•The side opposite to the largest angle is the longest side of the triangle and the side opposite to the smallest angle is the
shortest side of the triangle.

In the figure above, ∠B is the largest angle and the side opposite to it (hypotenuse), is the largest side of the triangle.
 

In the figure above, ∠A is the largest angle and the side opposite to it, BC is the largest side of the triangle.

•An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles. This is called the exterior angle
property of a triangle.

Here, ∠ACD is the exterior angle to the ∆ABC.

According to the exterior angle property, ∠ACD = ∠CAB + ∠ABC.
 
Types of triangles based on angles
Acute-angled triangle: A triangle whose all angles are acute is called an acute-angled triangle or Acute triangle.

Obtuse-angled triangle: A triangle whose one angle is obtuse is an obtuse-angled triangle or Obtuse triangle.

Right-angled triangle: A triangle whose one angle is a right-angle is a Right-angled triangle or Right triangle.

In the figure above, the side opposite to the right angle, BC is called the hypotenuse.
For a Right triangle ABC,
BC  = AB  + AC
2 2 2

This is called the Pythagorean Theorem.

In the triangle above, 5  = 4 + 3 . Only a triangle that satisfies this condition is a right triangle.
2 2  2

Hence, the Pythagorean Theorem helps to find whether a triangle is Right-angled.

∆ ABC is a right triangle and CD ⊥ AB (⊥ stands for ‘perpendicular’).

Find i) ∠ACD and ii) ∠ABC.

A. 25, 35
B. 35, 35
C. 25, 25
D. 35, 25
Consider ∆ ACD.

∠ADC + ∠DAC + ∠ACD = 180° (since sum of angles in a triangle is 180°)

90 + 65 + ∠ACD = 180° → ∠ACD = 25°

∠ACD + ∠DCB = 90° → 25 + ∠DCB = 90 → ∠DCB = 65°

In ∆ BCD, ∠DCB + ∠CBD + ∠BDC = 180° (again, sum of all angles in a triangle)

65 + ∠CBD + 90 = 180 → ∠CBD = 25° = ∠ABC.

Right Angle Triangle :

Area (Square units) = ½ × b × h

Perimeter (units) = b + hypotenuse + h
Equilateral triangle:

Area (Square units) = (√3/4) × a2

Perimeter (units) = 3a
Scalene Triangle:

Area (Square units) = √[s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)],

Where, s = (a+b+c)/2
Perimeter (units) = a+b+c
Square:

Area (Square units) = a2

Perimeter (units) = 4a

Diagonal(d) = √2a
Rectangle :

Area (Square units) = l x b

Perimeter (units) = 2 ( l + b)

Diagonal(d) = √2 (l2+b2)
Circle :

Area (Square units) = πr2

Circumference (units) = 2 π r
Rhombus:

Area (Square units) = ½ × d1 × d2

Perimeter (units) = 4 × side
Parallelogram:

Area (Square units) = b × h

Perimeter (units) = 2(l+b)
Trapezium:

Area (Square units) = ½ h(a+c)

Perimeter (units) = a+b+c+d
3 D Shapes
Cube
Cuboid
Cylinder
Sphere
Cone
Find the perimeter of a rectangular park with
length 20 cm and breadth 40 cm.
Find the perimeter of a rectangular park with
length 20 cm and breadth 40 cm.
• Length of the rectangular park = 20 cm
Breadth of the rectangular park =40cm
Perimeter of a rectangle= 2 (L+B) 
=2 (20 + 40) cm
= 2(60) cm
= 120 cm 
The perimeter of the rectangular park is 120 cm 
 What is the are of an equilateral triangle of
side 16 cm?
 What is the are of an equilateral triangle of
side 16 cm?
Area of an equilateral triangle
= √3/4 S2 
If S = 16,
Area of triangle
= √3/4 * 16 * 16
= 64√3 cm2;
 If the sides of a triangle are 26 cm, 24 cm
and 10 cm, what is its area?
 If the sides of a triangle are 26 cm, 24 cm
and 10 cm, what is its area?
The triangle with sides 26 cm, 24 cm and 10 cm is right angled, where
the hypotenuse is 26 cm.
Area of the triangle
= 1/2 * 24 * 10
= 120 cm2
The perimeter of a triangle is 28 cm and the in radius of
the triangle is 2.5 cm. What is the area of the triangle?
The perimeter of a triangle is 28 cm and the in radius of
the triangle is 2.5 cm. What is the area of the triangle?

Area of a triangle = r * s
Where r is the inradius and s is the semi perimeter of the triangle.
Area of triangle
= 2.5 * 28/2
= 35 cm2
Find the area of trapezium whose parallel sides are 20 cm
and 18 cm long, and the distance between them is 15 cm.
Find the area of trapezium whose parallel sides are 20 cm
and 18 cm long, and the distance between them is 15 cm.
Area of a trapezium
= 1/2 (sum of parallel sides) * (perpendicular distance between them)
= 1/2 (20 + 18) * (15) = 285 cm2
Find the area of a parallelogram with base 24
cm and height 16 cm.
Find the area of a parallelogram with base 24
cm and height 16 cm.
Area of a parallelogram
= base * height
= 24 * 16
= 384 cm2
The area of the square garden is 625 sq.m.What is the area of a
path of width 2.5 m around it if the path is out side the garden?
The area of the square garden is 625 sq.m.What is the area of a
path of width 2.5 m around it if the path is out side the garden?

area of the square garden=625m²

therefore side²=625m²
side=√625
side=25m
hence, the length of the side of the square garden is 25m.
therefore the length of the path=25+2.5+2.5
=25+5 =30m
total area along with the road=30×30
=900m²
hence, area of the path=900-625
=275m²