REFERENCING

• A CITATION FORMAT COMMONLY

USED IN SOCIAL SCIENCES.

AMERICAN PHSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION (APA)
• A CITATION FORMAT COMMONLY
USED IN HUMANITIES.

MODERN LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION (MLA)
• USUALLY FOUND AT THE LAST
SECTION OF A PUBLISHED MATERIAL.

REFERENCE LIST
• APA FORMAT- INDICATE THE AUTHOR’S
LAST NAME FIRST AND THEN THE
INITIAL OF HIS OR HER FIRST NAME.

• Book: Hershey, P., &Blanchard, K. (1972). Management

of organization behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall.

A. Book with 1 AUTHOR

• MLA FORMAT: INTRODUCE THE
AUTHOR’S LAST NAME AND FIRST
NAME.

• EXAMPLE: Austen, Jane. Pride and

Prejudice. Penguin Random House, 2009.
• APA FORMAT: INDICATE THE AUTHOR’S LAST
NAMES FIRST AND THEN THE INITIAL OF
THEIR FIRST NAMES. ARRANGE THEM
ALPHABETICAL ORDER.
• EXAMPLE: Cohn, R. & Levithan, D. (2008). Nick &
Norah’s Infinite Playlist. New York, NY: Ember-Penguin
Random House.

B. A BOOK WITH TWO

AUTHORS
• MLA FORMAT: INTRODUCE THE FIRST
AUTHOR’S LAST NAME AND THEN THE
SECOND AUTHOR’S FIRST AND LAST
NAMES.
• EXAMPLE: Cohn, R. and David Levithan. Nick &
Norah’s Infinite Playlist. Ember-Penguin Random
House, 2008.
• COMMONLY REFER TO MAGAZINES,
NEWS ARTICLES, AND SCHOLARLY
JOURNALS .

2. PERIODICALS
• THIS TYPE PERIODICAL CATERS TO A
SPECIFIC AUDIECE.
• EXAMPLE: Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse
of Listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5-13.
• APA FORMAT

A. JOURNALS
• EXAMPLE: Cohn, R. and David Levithan.
Nick & Norah’s Infinite Playlist. Ember-
Penguin Random House, 2008.
• MLA FORMAT
• THIS TYPE OF PERIODICAL CATERS TO A
GENERAL AUDIENCE.

B. MAGAZINES
• EXAMPLES:
• APA FORMAT: Fantauzzo, L. (2016, July). Fear
and loathing in Orlando. Rogue, p. 72
• MLA FORMAT: Fantauzzo, Laurel. “Fear and
Loathing in Orlando.” Rogue, July 2016, 72.
• CONTAIN A WEB OR UNIFORM
RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL) OR
DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER (DOI).

ELECTRONIC SOURCES
• EXAMPLES:
• APA FORMAT: Hawkins, P. (2015). The girl on
the train. [Kindle version]. Retrieved from Amazon.
Com
• MLA FORMAT: Hawkins, Paula. The Girl on the
Train. New York: Riverhead Books, 2015. E-book.

A. BOOKS
• EXAMPLES:
• APA FORMAT: Arong, J. (2016, June 23). Lost
horizons: How to navigate the Tibetan countryside.
Rogue. Retrieved from
http://rogue.ph/lost-horizons-navigate-tibetan-coun
tryside/
.
• MLA FORMAT: Arong, Joanna. “Lost Horizons:
How to Navigate the Tibetan Countryside.’’ Rogue,
23 June 2016,
http://rogue.ph/lost-horizona-navigate-tibetan-coun
B. PERIODICALS
tryside/
. Accessed 25 Aug. 2016.
METHODOLOGY
WRITING THE METHODOLOGY FOR
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1.Research Method
2.Research Design
3.Respondents or Participants of the
study
4.Sampling Procedure
5.Research Instrument
6.Data Gathering Procedure
WRITING THE METHODOLOGY
FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1.Research Method
 Introduce the research methodology
 Give the conceptual definition
 Give the rationale why you chose the
method
WRITING THE METHODOLOGY FOR
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

2. Research Design
 Introduce the research design
 Give the concept definition
 Give the rationale why you chose the
design
WRITING THE METHODOLOGY FOR
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

3. Respondents or Participants of the

study
 Present the respondents of the
study
 How did you chose the respondents
 Present the profile of the
respondents
WRITING THE METHODOLOGY FOR
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

4. Sampling Procedure
 Present the sampling method
 Give the conceptual definition of
the sampling method
 Present the rationale in choosing
this sampling method
 Discuss the procedure in
implementing in the sampling
method
WRITING THE METHODOLOGY FOR
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

5. Research Instrument
 Present the instrument/s used
 Give the conceptual definition
 Give the rationale or
appropriateness of the instrument.
 Discuss the creation and validation
of the instrument.
WRITING THE METHODOLOGY FOR
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

6. Data Gathering Procedure

 Narratively discuss and present the
sequence of steps that you did in
order to gather data.
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
 A research instrument is a tool used to collect,
measure and analyze data related to your research.
 The selection and construction of data gathering
instrument is critical and crucial in the research
process.
 The instrument you choose to collect the data will
depend on the research method that you will be
using.
 “Data gathering instrument for qualitative research”
means open-ended questionnaires, interviews,
observation, or any other forms which are used to
collect information. (Jones, 1985)
1. Interview – is a procedure designed to
obtain information from a person through
oral responses.
- Interviews will be conducted face-to-face,
through the use of cellular phone or any
platform using the internet
Types of interview
1. Semi-structured interview: the interviewer uses a
set of predetermined question and the respondents
answer in their own words.
2. Unstructured interviews: the interviewer has no
specific guidelines, or list of options. The
interviewer asks a few broad questions to engage
the respondent in an open, informal, and
spontaneous discussion.
3. Unstructured interviews are particularly useful for
getting the stories behind respondents’ experiences
or when there is little information about a topic.
• Qualitative questionnaires
• Observation
- Direct observation
- Indirect observation
Research population, Sample and Sampling
 A population is the entire group that you want to
draw conclusions about. A sample is the specific is
specific group that you will collect data from. The
size of the sample is always less than the total size
of population. In research, a population doesn’t
always refer to people.
 Sample is the subset of the population. The process
of selecting a sample is known as sampling.
Research population, Sample and Sampling
 Sampling is done because you usually cannot
gather data from the entire population. Even in
relatively small populations, the data may be needed
urgently, and including everyone in the population
in your data collection may take too long.
 Sampling Methods

there are two types of sampling methods: Probability

sampling involves random selection, allowing you to
make strong statistical inferences about the whole
group. Non-probability sampling involves non-random
selection based on convenience or other criteria,
allowing you to easily collect data.
Research population, Sample and Sampling
 Probability Sampling Methods
-Simple random sampling
-Systematic sampling- regular interval from
sampling
-Stratified sampling- divided into subgroup
-Clustered sampling- actual group
 Non-Probability Sampling Methods
-Convenience sampling- availability and willingness
-Quota sampling
-Purposive sampling - Representative
-Snowball sampling- nominate other
Example:
Example
example
 Chapter IV:
Data Analysis
• Data analysis in qualitative research is
defined as the process of systematically
searching and arranging the interview
transcripts, manuscript, observation notes, or
other non-textual materials that the
researcher accumulates to increase the
understanding of the phenomenon.
• Analyzing qualitative data entails reading a
large amount of transcripts looking for
similarities and differences and subsequently
categorizing and eventually finding and
developing theme.
 Coding
• Coding and data analysis are not
synonymous. This is the process of
organizing your data or the sequence of data.
• Coding merely involves subdividing the
huge amount of raw information or data, and
subsequently assigning then into categories
and then coming up into with a core category
or theme.
 Coding Process
Open coding- is when you take your textual
data and break up into discrete parts;
Axial coding is when you draw connections
between your codes; and
Selective coding is when you select one
central category that connects all the codes
from your analysis and capture the essence of
your research.
 Coding Process
Example:
Title: Learning Styles of Grade 12 ABM
Students in relation to their academic
performance in Oral Communication Subject:
A Qualitative study
Statement of the Problem
 What is the academic performance of
students in Oral com?
 What are the learning styles of students?
 How do the learning styles relate to their
academic performance in Oral
Communication?
Example: Interview questions

1. Do you perform well on your Oral communication

subject? How?
2. What are the ways of teacher in teaching Oral Com to
easily understand the lessons?
3. How do the instructional materials help to the academic
performance of students?
 Chapter IV
Data Gathering
This chapter of the study presents the analysis of data which implies that the researchers analyze the
raw data and presenting the result of the study.

1. Do you perform well on your Oral communication subject? How?

- Based on the answer of fifteen respondents, their performance in the subject Oral Communication,
ten out of fifteen students said that they are excel in the class because of the materials used of their
teacher, while five students said they are not be able to catch up the lesson.

2. What are the ways of teacher in teaching Oral Com to easily understand the lessons?
- Based on the answer of fifteen respondents, the strategy and materials of a teacher…..

3. How do the instructional materials help to the academic performance of students?

- Based on the answer of the fifteen respondents, their learnings are depend on what the teacher is used
in their class…
 Chapter V:
Summary, Conclusion and
Recommendation
 Chapter V
Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter presents the summary and conclusion derives in the conduct of study which is to probe
on the learning style of Grade 12 students in relation to their oral communication subject. It also
provides recommendation that can be pursued by the students.
Summary of Findings
The findings of the study are summarize according to the statement of the problem stated in Chapter
1.
1. What is the academic performance of the students in Oral Communication?
The academic performance of students increase when the teacher used the video materials in
teaching oral com. This claim validates of the number of students answers….
2. What are the learning styles of students?
The learning styles of students have effects to the academic performance of students in Oral Com as
they based on what materials used in the class…
3. How do the learning styles relate to their academic performance in Oral Communication?
The learning styles of the students have relationship with the materials used of the teacher because
students easily understand the lesson when the teacher used video.
 Conclusions
Based on the indicate findings, the following conclusions are drawn
1. The respondents show that the learning styles has to be in the academic performance of students…
2. The findings reveal that students learning styles have effects in the academic performance of the
students…
3. The result of the study…..

Recommendations
The study reveals the learning style of students in academic performance in Oral Com
4. The students should …..
5. The teacher should…
6. The administrator should
7. Future researcher should…