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Biology term 2
project
Done by Aalaa Ahmed

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Table of contents

01
Research
Do a research on (errors in
meiosis / abnormal cell 03
division).
Chart
02 Create a chart to show
your daily intake of
Case study .food

read the case study and answer

the questions followed by it.
01
Research
What is meiosis?

A type of cell division which happens in

reproductive cells(sperm, egg cells). A single
cell divides twice to produce four cells
containing half the original amount of genetic
information.
Causes of the error

• Down syndrome: Down syndrome is a condition in which a

person has an extra chromosome. The extra chromosome 21
leads to the physical features and developmental challenges that
can occur among people with Down syndrome.

• Edward syndrome: Babies with Edwards' syndrome have more

of chromosome 18 in some or all of the cells in their body
Outcomes of the mutation
Down syndrome: Down syndrome results in some degree of learning
disability. People with Down's syndrome are more likely to have other health
problems, such as heart disease and digestive, hearing, and vision problems.

Edward syndrome: Because children with Edwards syndrome have

underdeveloped bodies, the condition's side effects are serious and often life-
threatening, including congenital heart disease, kidney disease and breathing
difficulties.
Table of contents

01
Research
Do a research on (errors in
meiosis / abnormal cell 03
division).
Chart
02 Create a chart to show
your daily intake of
Case study .food

read the case study and answer

the questions followed by it.
02
Case study
Summary of the case study

  Much more work is needed before researchers can obtain more precise
estimates of the frequencies of various mutations. The rise of high-
throughput genomic sequencing methods fosters the hope that we will
be able to cultivate a more detailed and precise understanding of
mutation rates. mutation is a basic property in adaptation, such research
will remain critical.
The effects of mutation
Mutations in an organism's physical features or the way DNA codes its
genetic information are two ways that mutations can have an influence.
When mutations happen, they might damage an organism completely
or only partially.
 why it is believed that mutations are the primary source of
diversity?
Mutations are changes in the genetic sequence. Some mutations
affect only the individual that carries them, while others affect all of
the carrier organism's offspring, and further descendants. Genetic
variations that alter gene activity or protein function can introduce
different traits in an organism. If a trait is advantageous and helps the
individual survive and reproduce, the genetic variation is more likely
to be passed to the next generation 
 The types of mutations
There are three types of DNA Mutations: base substitutions, deletions and insertions.

Substitution:
A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another 

Insertion:
Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the
DNA.

Deletion:
Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted.
Table of contents

01
Research
Do a research on (errors in
meiosis / abnormal cell 03
division).
Chart
02 Create a chart to show
your daily intake of
Case study .food

read the case study and answer

the questions followed by it.
03
Chart
 Create a chart to show your daily intake of food

Breakfast: french toast Lunch: burger Snack: pineapples

Carbohydrates: 25g Carbohydrates: 24g Carbohydrates: 13g
proteins: 8g proteins: 17g proteins: 0.5g
Fats: 11g Fats: 14g Fats: 0.1g
Calories: 160 per slice Calories: 295 Calories: 50
Sugars: 10g Sugars: 6g Sugars: 10g
Vitamins: 503 IU Vitamins: 240 IU Vitamins: 73.5 IU
Importance of biomolecules
Biomolecules are vital for life as it aids organisms to grow, sustain,
and reproduce. They are involved in building organisms from single
cells to complex living beings like humans, by interacting with each
other. The diversity in their shape and structure provides diversity in
their functions.

BMI: 16.8
Amount of calories needed each day 1541.546
 Thanks for
listening
Done by: Aalaa Ahmed