MSc Thesis presentation

Water Dynamics and Role of

Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’,
South of Brazil
Supervisors:
Ramiro Neves, IST
Ana Oliveira, IST
Menthor:
Friedrich Wilhelm Herms, UERJ

Priscila Kayani Ghellere Vanzella

22/09/2021 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil 1
 Presentation outline

1. Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Study Area

4. Methodology

5. Results and Discussion

6. Conclusions and Recommendations

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Introduction

1. Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Study Area

4. Methodology

5. Results and Discussion

6. Conclusions and Recommendations

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Introduction – Lagoa dos Barros Location

Lagoa dos Patos

Figures: Litoral Medio Watershed delineation (DRHS, 2020) and General Location of Lagoa dos Barros.
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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Introduction – General Aspects of Lagoa dos Barros

• Lagoa dos Barros (LB) is a

Atlantic Forest Biosphere
Reserve, recognized by UNESCO in
1993 as a natural heritage of
humanity.
• Integral Protection Conservation
Unit – Manuel de Barros Pereira
Natural Municipal Park.
• Osorio and Santo Antonio da Lagoa dos Patos

Patrulha different interests over the

water body.

Figure: Integral Protection Park and WWTP (PM_OSO_ETE) Location (Google Earth)

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Introduction – Topography and Land Use

• LB placed between ‘Serra Geral’

at North and Coastal Plain area
at South

• Agriculture is the main economic

activity of the region and
predominant soil use is Irrigated
Rice.

Figure: Map of Digital Elevation Model (NASA - EARTH DATA, 2000) Figure: Land Use (FEPAM - SEMA, 2005) 6
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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Introduction - Background

2009 December 2018 May 2020 April 2021

• CORSAN* and Osório • Starting operation of • Algae Bloom peak • New sentence
start WWTP construction WWTP at Lagoa dos forbidding the
• No tertiary treatment • Discharge 300% Barros. restart of WWTP
• Without EIA-RIMA** higher [P]
• Local pressure to stop

2015
• CORSAN hired
studies from UFRGS
(Federal University of
Rio Grande do Sul):
• WWTP
[Phosphorus]
effluent limit of 0.5
mg/L

Note: CONAMA set limit of [P]=0.1 mg/L at water body.

Figure: “Osório city still not allowed to discharge WWTP
*CORSAN: Rio Grandense Sanitation Company Video: Lagoa dos Barros, May 2020 effluents at Lagoa dos Barros”
**EIA-RIMA: Environmental Impact Study/ Report Source: Bolívar Gomes Ourique.
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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Objectives

1. Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Study Area

4. Methodology

5. Results and Discussion

6. Conclusions and Recommendations

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Objectives

Main Goal:

• Identify water dynamics on Lagoa dos Barros System;

Secondary Goals:

• Define role of groundwater;

• Assess surface dynamics;

• Identify sources and sinks to Lagoa dos Barros.

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Study Area

1. Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Study Area

4. Methodology

5. Results and Discussion

6. Conclusions and Recommendations

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Study Area – Climate

• Sub Humid tropical climate – annual precipitation around 1700 mm

Evapotranspiration, precipitation and temperature

28
450
26
400

Precipitation and Evapotranspiration (mm)

• Hot Summer 24
350
22
300
Temperature (°C)

• Wet winter 20
250

18 200

• Relatively constant 16 150

14 100

Evapotranspiration 12 50

10 0
11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20
n- r- l- t- n- r- l- t- n- r- l- t- n- r- l- t- n- r- l- t- n- r- l- t- n- r- l- t- n- r- l- t- n- r- l- t- n- r- l- t-
Ja Ap Ju Oc Ja Ap Ju Oc Ja Ap Ju Oc Ja Ap Ju Oc Ja Ap Ju Oc Ja Ap Ju Oc Ja Ap Ju Oc Ja Ap Ju Oc Ja Ap Ju Oc Ja Ap Ju Oc

Sum of PCP STIL (mm) ActualEVP(mm) Temp

Graph: Precipitation accumulated monthly (STIL), average temperature (climatic reanalyzes model ERA5 (ECMWF , European Centre for
Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, 2021)) and Evapotranspiration (estimated by Penman-Monteith equation).
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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Study Area– Water Body

• Lagoa dos Barros is a hypertrophic water body (naturally high

[nutrient])

• Shallow water body

• Well mixed water caused by winds

• High Residence Time water body (~8 years)

Table: Morphological characteristics of Lagoa dos Barros (Source: adapted from (Marchett, 2017) and (UFRGS I, 2015)
:
Average Maximu Relative Volume
Area Perimete Length Width
depth m depth depth
(km2) r (km) (km) (km) (hm3)
(m) (m) (%)
91.78 39.5 14.54 10.13 4.7 6.1 0.06 432 Figure: Bathymetry .
Source: IRGA (~1960)
IRGA: Instituto Rio Grandense do Arroz.

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Study Area– Watershed

• Small area contributing from North

• Vast plain area used for agriculture

• Several water exporters leaves the

water body to irrigate the crops

Figure: Watershed Delineation and streams constructed with GRASS tool in QGIS Software, (NASA - EARTH DATA, National
22/09/202 Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2000) (STIL, 2021) (Gomes da Silva & Selistre, 2016) 13
1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
Study Area – Formation and Hydrogeology

• LB isolated by alluvial fans from the Tertiary and Quaternary period

• Groundwater can be found at low depths at plain area

A B

Figure: Profile and representative scheme of lagoon-barrier systems, (UCS, 2017). Figure: Deposits of Lagoa dos Barros region and piezometer installed in the area (CPRM)
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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Study Area – Geology

• Texture of soils mainly clay sand until 30 meters depth with peat deposits and lenses of heavy metals
Unconfined aquifer:
GW level vary from
6 to 10 m depth

Clay Sand

PM_ETE

Clay
Sandy Clay
Fine Sand
Sandy Clay

Coarse Sand

Figure: Simplified Lagoa dos Barros hydrogeology system (Adapted from (UCS, 2017)). 15
22/09/202
1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’,
Figure: South
PM_ETE of Profile
Well Brazil(Adapted from (CPRM, RIMAS, 2021)).
 Study Area – Channels

• Spillway ‘Valo do Estado’ (10.6 m.a.s.l.)

• Affluents from North and East

Three main cooperatives of farmers

pumping water for irrigation:
• STIL (‘Sociedade Tecnica de
Irrigaçao Ltda’);
• Santa Teresinha (‘Sincol’);
• ‘Canal da Associação dos
Irrigantes’ (not identified).

Image: Location of main channels that drains water out and in Lagoa dos Barros, (FEPAM - SEMA, 2005)
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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Study Area – Water Levels evolution

• In 2016 Dredging of channels -> influence groundwater table (avoiding higher increases)
• Distance between PM_ETE and LB border is 250 meters

Groundwater table and Lagoon water level Groundwater x Lagoon

12
Period R2
11.5

11
2013-2020 0.06
10.5
Dr
10 Ch edg i
an ng
ne of
9.5 ls 2013 - 2015 0.5
cota (m)

8.5

8 2017-2020 0.8
7.5

7
Ja Ap Ju Se De M Ju Se De M Ju Se De M Ju Se De M Ju Se De M Ju Se De M M Au N o F e M Au No
n n a n a n a n a n a n a a a
20 r 20 20 p 20 c 20 r 2 20 p 20 c 20 r 2 20 p 20 c 20 r 2 20 p 20 c 20 r 2 20 p 20 c 20 r 2 20 p 20 c 20 r 2 y 2 g 2 v 2 b 20 y 2 g 2 v 2
13 13 13 13 13 014 14 14 14 015 15 15 15 016 16 16 16 017 17 17 17 018 18 18 18 019 01 019 019 20 02 020 020
9 0

Lagoa
Series1Barros Groundwater
Series3

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Methodology

1. Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Study Area

4. Methodology

5. Results and Discussion

6. Conclusions and Recommendations

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Methodology - Model Description MOHIDLand

Root Water Uptake

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Methodology - Data

• Climate: STIL Precipitation, Tramandai station (INMET) and • Water levels: STIL Lagoa dos Barros

climate variables reanalysis from ERA5 (ECMWF , European Water Level and Groundwater table

Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, 2021). records from CPRM (SIAGAS, 2021).
Precipitation, Lagoa dos Barros and Groundwater levels
13 800

Acumulada dos desvios à média da precipitação

12 600
Temperature R 2

Tramandai Station x 0.94

11 400
water level (m.a.s.l.)

Tramandai Renalysis
Precipitation R2 10 200

STIL Station x STIL Renalysis 0.05

9 0
STIL Station x Tramandai 0.15
Station 8 -200

Tramandai Station x 0.41

Tramandai Renalysis 7
4/1/2012 8/14/2013 12/27/2014 5/10/2016 9/22/2017 2/4/2019 6/18/2020
-400

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Methodology – Drainage Area
Grid 50x50 cells of 1 x 1 km
Date 2020-05-01 Date 2020-05-31
Rainfall of 24 mm accumulated in April Rainfall of 135 mm accumulated in May

Runoff:
Min water
column
0.01 m; min
Flow 0.01
m3/s;
22/09/202
1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil 21
 Methodology – Simulation Lagoa dos Barros Basin

Grid of 100 x 100 cells of 0.2 x 0.3 km

• Atmospheric conditions:

• Pcp STIL, others ERA5

• Runoff:
Sim. Runoff
• DTM + Bathymetry
• Manning GlobCover (ESA, 2009)
• Porous Media: WHSD (World Harmonized Soil DataBase) and

Rosetta (incorporated in Hydrus 4.1)

Sim. Soil + Veg
• Vegetation: GlobCover (ESA, 2009)

• Kc (crop coef.) constant (FAO Penman-Monteith method)

• Output Locations and Discharges (Q in m3/s - estimated):

• Constant Pumping for Irrigation (16.14 m3 /s from Gomes da Silva & Selistre (2016)) and WWTP (CORSAN– useful for
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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Results and Discussion

1. Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Study Area

4. Methodology

5. Results and Discussion

6. Conclusions and Recommendations

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Results and Discussion – Simulations x Observed

Simulated and observed water level at Lagoa dos Barros Center

12

LB
Observed water level and
11.5
simulated MOHID (Runoff)
13
12
11 R² = 0.203846080558422
11
10
9
8
water level (m)

10.5 7
9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5

Accumulated
10 difference Observed water level and simu-
lated with MOHID (Veg)
13
9.5
May2020: 12
avgSim- avgObs 11 R² = 0.402518832452657
= 38 cm 10
9
9
8
Jan/2018

Jan/2018

Mar/2018

Jun/2018

Sep/2018

Jan/2019

Feb/2019

Jun/2019

Jul/2019

Sep/2019

Feb/2020
Apr/2018

May/2018

May/2018

Jul/2018

Aug/2018

Oct/2018

Nov/2018

Dec/2018

Mar/2019

Apr/2019

Aug/2019

Nov/2019

Dec/2019

Jan/2020

Mar/2020

Apr/2020

Jun/2020

Jul/2020

Aug/2020

Sep/2020

Oct/2020

Nov/2020

Dec/2020
May/2019

Oct/2019

May/2020
7
9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5

Observed water level at Lagoa dos Barros MOHID Soil and Veg
MOHID Runoff
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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Results and Discussion - May 2020

ΔhLagoon, ΔhGW and Precipitation-Evapotranspiration comparison

440

• Decrease on LB level;
340

Monthly accumulated water level variation (mm)

• Increase on GW table;
240

• Pcp – Etp >

ΔhLagoon 140

• Losses > Input 40

r-1
7
-1
7
-1
7
l- 1
7 17 17 t-1
7
r-1
8
-1
8
-1
8
l-1
8 18 18 r-1
9
-1
9
-1
9
l- 1
9 19 19 t-1
9
-2
0
-2
0
l- 2
0 20 20 t-2
0
ay un g- p- ay un g- p- ay un g- p- ay un g- p-
Ap M J Ju Au Se Oc Ap M J Ju Au Se Ap M J Ju Au Se Oc M J Ju Au Se Oc
-60

ΔhLagoa (mm) ΔhGw (mm) Pcp-ActualEv

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Results and Discussion- Basin Simulations
Runoff: Min water column 0.01 m; min Flow 0.01 m3/s; Runoff: Min water column 0.01 m,, min Flow 0.01 m3/s;
Date 2020-05-01 Date 2020-05-31
Rainfall of 24 mm accumulated in April Rainfall of 135 mm accumulated in May

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Results and Discussion- Basin Simulations
Runoff: Min water column 0.01 m; min Flow 0.01 m3/s; Runoff: Min water column 0.01 m,, min Flow 0.01 m3/s;
Date 2020-05-01 Date 2020-05-31
Rainfall of 24 mm accumulated in April Rainfall of 135 mm accumulated in May

Inflow to LB

Outflow to LB

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Results – Channels & Conceptual Model

Figure: Conceptual Model of Lagoa dos Barros and its vicinity

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Conclusions and Recommendations

1. Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Study Area

4. Methodology

5. Results and Discussion

6. Conclusions and Recommendations

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Conclusions

• Continuous water Input from precipitation and runoff of the Northern area;

• Variable contribution from Eastern zone (dry – wet);

• Water removal by water lake pumping, overflow channels and baseflow to groundwater (further

research needed on Lake bottom);

• Plain area -> Low runoff (porous media) velocities driven mainly by the canals;

• Groundwater mainly controlled by channels (natural and irrigation);

• May 2020 -> Dry period -> high pumping (high irrigation need) human influence (uncertainties)

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 General Conclusion

Isolated Lagoon - water mainly supplied by rainfall, where the channels play a strong
role in controlling the water level of the Lagoon (both surface and underground);

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Limitations

Uncertainties Challenges
• Lack of monitoring data and physical
• Model:
characterisation information;
• Soil Characterization; • Processing of data (several sources);
• Channels; • Transparency;

• Lagoa dos Barros pumped water; • Reliability;

• Different interests.
• Groundwater pumped from aquifer.

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Recommendations

• Higher quality data for hydrogeological and soil properties will result in a more
reliable assessment;

• Adequate Bathymetry of Lagoa dos Barros;

• Improve density of piezometers in the area and channels water levels –

Groundwater model;

• Flow quantity investigation of Lagoa dos Barros affluent channels;

• Improve irrigation Runout (variable flow).

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
Thank you for your
attention!

Priscila Kayani Ghellere Vanzella

Ramiro Neves, IST

Ana Oliveira, IST
Friedrich Wilhelm Herms, UERJ

Figure: View of Lagoa dos Barros, (Duarte, A.. 2021)

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1 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil
 Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos
22/09/202 22/09/2021 Barros’, South of Brazil
36
Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil Figure: Sunrise at Lagoa dos Barros,
1
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Water Dynamics and Role of Groundwater in the ‘Lagoa dos Barros’, South of Brazil

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Rasmussen, A. & Hondzo, M. & Stefan, Heinz. (2007). Test of several evaporation equations for water temperature simulations in lakes. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 31. 1023 - 1028. 10.1111/j.1752-
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Gomes da Silva, A., & Selistre, F. (2016). Estudo sobre o comportamento hidrológico na Subacia da Lagoa dos Barros e os efeitos do sistema aliviador de cheias e a a atividade de irrigação sobre a redução do nível da Lagoa nos
períodos de cheia. Santo Antonio da Patrulha / RS: ECOFIELD - Engenharia e Meio Ambiente.

Healy, R., & Cook, P. (2002). Using groundwater levels to estimate recharge. Hydrogeology Journal, 19.

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IRGA - DATER, Instituto Rio Grandense de Arroz - Divisão de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural. (2019). BOLETIM DE RESULTADOS DA LAVOURA - SAFRA 2018/19 - Arroz Irrigado e Soja em Rotação. Retrieved from
https://irga.rs.gov.br/upload/arquivos/201909/05171808-relatorio-da-safra-2018-19-31-agosto-2019.pdf

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https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/nasadem_hgtv001/

STIL. (2021). Monitoramento Nível Lagoa dos Barros. Santo Antônio ad Patrulha - RS, Brazil: Sociedade Técnica de Irrigação.

TOMAZELLI, L.J.; et.al. (2000). Late quaternary geological history of Rio Grande do Sul coastal plain, southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Geociências, v.30, n.3, p. 474-476.

Troian, G. C., Reginato, P. A., Senhorinho, E. M., Marcuzzo, F. F., Kirchheim, R. E., & Kuhn, I. A. (2017, December 01). ESTIMATIVA DE RECARGA PELO MÉTODO WATER TABLE FLUCTUATION (WTF) NA PORÇÃO NORTE DO
AQUIFERO COSTEIRO DO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL. XXII SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE RECURSOS HÍDRICOS (p. 9). Florianópolis-SC: Associação Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos.

UFRGS, (2015 (1 and 2)). “Avaliaçao da capacidade de recepçao de efluentes domesticos tratads pela ETE de Osorio na Lagoa dos Barros – Diagnostico ambiental da lagoa dos Barros - Relatorio final Volume I”.

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