PR A C T I CA L

RE SE A R C H 1
MAGDALENA B. DASCO
SHS TEACHER
 CHAPTER 1:
NATURE OF INQ UI R Y
AND
RESEARCH
 Nature of Inquiry
Inquiry is a learning process that
motivates you to obtain knowledge or
information about people, things, places or
events.
It is any process that has the aims of
enhancing knowledge, resolving doubt, or
solving a problem.
It is done through investigating or asking
questions about something.
 Research
Research is a systematic study of trend or event
which involves careful collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of data or facts that
relates man’s thinking with reality.
It is a process of collecting, and critically
analyzing data or information for specific
purposes.
It involves mental acts in ascertaining and
scrutinizing the accuracy of results, claims or
conclusions about the topic.
 Research
Research includes inquiry or investigation
about the chosen topics. (these can be done
through asking questions with the use of
interview or use of survey questionnaire.)
Research mainly focuses on discovering new
knowledge and applying it in various ways.
 Inquiry vs Research
INQUIRY RESEARCH
o Act of inquiring; o Diligent inquiry or
seeking of examination to seek or
information by revise facts, principles,
theories, application,
asking questions; etc; laborious or
interrogation; a continued search after
question or truth.
questioning. o Discovering truths by
investigation
 Importance of Research in
Daily Life
 It helps in understanding life issues,
problems and circumstance.
It helps in formulation of guiding
principles that govern a particular
procedure.
It also helps in developing and testing new
theories that are contributing to the
advancement of one’s practical.
 Importance of Research
Find answer to many questions to help
the society.
Help understand a real problem and
think of a solution to it.
Understand various issues.
Solve a problem or prevent arising
problem.
Learn the vital skills for writing, love for
reading, patience for analyzing and share
valuable information.
 Importance of Research
Improve investigative skills to nourish
and exercise for the mind.
Develop inquiry-based techniques.
Enhance career skills.
Learn to discriminate and set apart
different evidences through critical
thinking or analysis.
A way to prove lies and support truths.
 Characteristics of Research
Empirical/Experiential – research is
based on direct experience or
observation of the researcher.
Logical/Deductive – research is based
on valid procedures and principles.
Cyclical/Moving in Cycles – research
starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.
 Characteristics of Research
Analytical/Coherent – research utilizes
proven analytical procedures in gathering
data, whether historical, descriptive,
experimental, and case study.

Critical/Fault finding – research exhibits

careful and precise judgement.
 Characteristics of Research
Methodical/Systematic – research is
conducted in a methodical manner without
bias using systematic method and
procedures.

Replicability/Duplicated – research design

and procedures are repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive
results.
 Purposes of Research
1. To learn how to work independently,
scientifically and systematically.
2. To have deeper understanding on
something.
3. To let someone think using higher order
thinking strategies (HOTS) like
inferring, evaluating, synthesizing,
applying and creating.
 Purposes of Research
4. To be familiar with the basic tools
of research and the various
techniques of gathering data and of
presenting research finding.
5. To free yourself from the influence
of single textbook or of the
professor’s lone viewpoint or spoon
feeding.
 Research Process
 Research involves a systematic process
that focuses on being objective and
gathering information to come up with
analysis and conclusion.
 This process is used in all research and
evaluation project regardless of the
research method (scientific method of
inquiry, evaluation research, or an
action research).
 Research Process
 The process is a multiple process where
the steps are interlinked with the other
steps in the process.
 If changes are made in one step of the
process, the researcher must review all
the other steps to ensure that the
changes are reflected throughout the
process.
 Research Process
Step 1: Identify the Problem
 The first step is to identify the problem or develop a
research question. The research problem may be an
identified problem of the institution, community or
society, some information or knowledge needed or to
identify the new trends.

Examples:
Tardiness of Students Teenage
Pregnancy
Excessive Absence of Student Korean
Telenovela
 Research Process
Step 2: Review the Literature
 The researcher must learn more about the topic to
investigate. To do this, the researcher must review
the literature related to the research problem.
Through this step, the researcher is able to provide
prior knowledge and information that serves as the
foundation of the study. The review of literature also
educates the researcher about what studies have
been conducted in the past, how these were
conducted, and the conclusions in the problem.
 Research Process
Step 2: Review the Literature
Example:
Gagalang (2011) stated in his study that many
students remain passive despite of the updating,
upgrading and training of teachers to offer quality
education and lively classroom environment. This itself
become a problem not only with the teacher but also by
the school or university.
 Research Process
Step 3: Clarify the Problem
 Usually, initial problem is too broad. In step 3, the
researcher clarifies the problem and narrows the scope of
the study. This can only be done after the literature has
been reviewed. The knowledge gained through the review
of the literature guides the researcher in clarifying and
narrowing the research project.
Example:
The study is about the performance of the students in
different subjects of grade 11 in relation with the objectives of
the teachers which is serve as the basis of effectiveness of the
Social Reconstructivism
 Research Process
Step 4: Clearly define Terms and Concepts
 Terms and concepts are words or phrases used in the
purpose statement of the study or the description of the
study. These items need to be specifically defined as they
apply to the study to avoid confusion.
Example:
Level of Performance. The term refers to the scale or rank
of achievement of students in their performance in specific
subject.
Periodical Test. This term refers to the type of test given
at the end of every quarter.
 Research Process
Step 5: Define the population
 The research problem and the purpose of the study assist
the researcher in identifying the group to be involved in the
study. In research terms, the group to be involved in the
study is always called the population.
 Defining the population assists the researcher in several
ways. First it narrows the scope of the study from a very
large population to one that is manageable. Second, the
population identifies the group that the researcher’s efforts
will be focused on within the study. This helps ensure that
the researcher stays on the right path during the study.
 Research Process
Step 5: Define the population
 Finally, by defining the population, the researcher
identifies the group that the results will be applied to the
conclusion of the study.

Example:
The subjects of the study were eight (8) teachers who are
handling different subjects such as Reading and Writing
Skills, Practical Research 1, Physical Education, Personal
Development, Shielded Metal Arc Welding, Statistics and
Probability, 21st Century Literature from Philippines and the
World and Pagbasa at Pagsusuri ng Iba’t ibang Teksto
Tungo sa Pananaliksik. It also include five (5) students from
different sections who are taking those subjects.
 Research Process
Step 5: Define the population
The subjects were chosen through quota
sampling; Five (5) student respondents were
chosen by their subject teachers randomly
but given with a quota of five (5) to come up
with the progressive analysis of the student
respondents.
 Research Process
Step 6: Develop the Instrumentation Plan
 The plan of the study is referred to as the
instrumentation plan. It serves as the road
map for the entire study, specifying who
will participate in the study; how, when,
and where the data will be collected; and
the content of the program. It specifies all
the steps that must be completed for the
study.
 Research Process
Step 6: Develop the Instrumentation Plan
Example:
Documentary analysis will be used in the study to
determine the performance of the students in their
periodical test in different subjects in relation with their
table of specification to measure the effectiveness of
social reconstructivism theory. The study will consider
the results of periodical test for the third quarter of the
school year 2018-2019 and the table of specification of
every examination paper of teachers and students of
Bernardo F. San Juan National High School.
 Research Process
Step 7: Collect Data
 The actual study begins with the collection of data.
The collection of data is a critical step in providing
the information needed to answer the research
question. The data can be collected in the form of
words on a survey, with questionnaire, through
observations, or from a literature.
 Ethics of Research
These are some ethical standards to be followed in research:

1. Honesty – honestly report data, results, methods and

procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate,
falsify, or misinterpret data.
2. Objectivity – strive to avoid bias in experimental design,
data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel
decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other
aspects of research where objectivity is expected or
required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception.
Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect
research.
 Ethics of Research
These are some ethical standards to be followed in research:

3. Integrity – keep your promises and agreements; act

with sincerity ; strive for consistency of thought and
action.
4. Carefulness – avoid careless errors and negligence;
carefully and critically examine your own work and the
work of your peers. Keep good record of research,
activities, such as data collection, research design, and
correspondence with agencies or journals.
5. Openness – share data, results, ideas, tools resources.
Be open to criticism and new ideas.
 Ethics of Research
These are some ethical standards to be followed in research:
6. Respect for Intellectual Property – honor patents,
copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property.
7. Confidentiality – protect confidential communications,
such as papers or grants, submitted for publications,
personnel records, trade or military secrets or patient
records.
8. Responsible Publication – publish in order to advance
research and scholarship, not to advance just your own
career.
9. Responsible Mentoring – help to educate, mentor, and
advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to
make their own decisions.
 Ethics of Research
These are some ethical standards to be followed in research:
10. Respect for Colleagues – respect your colleagues and
treat them fairly.
11. Social Responsibility – strive to promote social good and
prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public
education and advocacy.
12. Non-Discrimination – avoid discrimination against
colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or
other factors not related to scientific competence and
integrity.
13. Competence – maintain and improve your own
professional competence and expertise through lifelong
education and learning; take steps to promote competence in
science as a whole.
 Ethics of Research
These are some ethical standards to be followed in research:

14. Legality – know and obey relevant laws and institutional

and governmental policies.
15. Animal Care – show proper respect and care for animals
when using them in research.
16. Human Subjects Protection – when conducting research
on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize
benefits,; respect human dignity, privacy and autonomy; take
special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive
to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.
KINDS OF R E S E A R C H
AC R O S S F IE L DS
 Kinds of Research based on Application of
Research Method
1. Basic/Pure Research – it advances fundamental
knowledge or aims to generate new knowledge (ideas,
principles, theories). It is carried out to increase
understanding of fundamental principles or basic
truth. It is intended to add to the body of scientific
knowledge by exploring the unknown to extend the
boundaries of knowledge as well as to discover new
facts, and learn more accurately the characteristics
of known without any particular thought as to
immediate practical utility. (Physics, Chemistry,
Biology)
 Kinds of Research based on Application of
Research Method
2. Applied/Practical Research – it aims to benefit from
the immediate usefulness of the outcome or findings
of the research. It involves seeking new applications
of scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem
such as the development of new method, in order to
solve practical problem.
 Kinds of Research According to their
Purpose
1. Descriptive Research – this aims to define or give
verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing,
event, group, situation, etc. This is open for
repeated research because its topic relates itself
only to a certain period or limited number of
years. The researcher encourages future
researchers to do further studies on a certain
topic based on the results of the study.
 Kinds of Research According to their
Purpose
2. Correlational Research – it shows relationships or
connections of two factors, circumstances, or agents
called variables. It is only concerned in indicating the
existence of a relationship, not the causes and ways of
the development of such relationship.
3. Exploratory Research – it aims to find out how
reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research
study on a certain topic. It enables one to discover
ideas on a certain topic that could trigger interest in
conducting research studies.
 Kinds of Research According to their
Purpose
4. Explanatory Research – it elaborates or explains not
only the reasons behind the relationship of two
factors, but also the ways by which such relationship
exists.
5. Action Research – this is an ongoing practice of a
school, organization, community, or institution for
the purpose of solving an immediate problem or
progressive problem that will initiate improvements
in the system.
 Kinds of Research According to Data
Needed
1. Qualitative Research – this is non-numeric because
it uses words or description. Data gathered are
not measurable because these are perceptions or
ideas of respondents
2. Quantitative Research – this uses numerical data.
These numbers may be in fraction, percentage or
whole numbers.