Communication

Processes,
Principles and
Ethics
Guest Lecturer
MR. ANGELITO B. JARENO
Licenced Professional Teacher
PRC-ID#:13854-12
 COMPLETE THE SENTENCES

• I write letters/essays/articles/poems/blogs because...

• I send emails/text messages/tweets/chats because...
• I call my parents/my friends/my mates/my lover because...
• I debate about concerns/issues/topics because...
• I watch news/Youtube videos/TV series/movies because...
• I produce TikTok clips/graphic arts/AVPs/vlogs/ because...
• I express my ideas/my feelings/my goal/myself because...
• I communicate to myself/to other people/to God because...
 NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

KINESICS - The academic study of body motions;

- It refers to gestures, facial configurations and
other movements of the body;
- It adds to, and often complicates verbal
communication
 ORAL VS WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

ORAL COMMUNICATION - ADVANTAGE WRITTEN COMMUNICATION - ADVANTAGES

Speed & Feedback Tangible and Verifiable

Well likely to be well thought out,
logical and clear

ORAL COMMUNICATION - DISADVANTAGE WRITTEN COMMUNICATION - DISADVANTAGES

The more people a message Time-consuming

must pass through, the greater Less opportunity or lack of
the potential distortion feedback
 THE DIAGRAM IN WORDS
The SOURCE initiates a MESSAGE
by ENCODING a thought. When we
speak, the speech is the message.
When we write, the writing is the
message. When we gesture, the
movements of our arms and the
expressions on our faces are the
message. The CHANNEL is the
medium through which the message
travels. It is selected by the Source,
who must determine whether to use a
formal or informal channel.
The RECEIVER is the object to whom
the message is directed. But before the
message can be received, the symbols in
it must be translated into a form that can
be understood by the Receiver. This step
is the DECODING of the message. The
final link (which is missing in the diagram)
is the FEEDBACK. It is the check on how
successful we have been in transferring
our messages as originally intended. The
NOISE serves as a barrier to effective
transference of the communication
process.
 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION IN AN ORGANIZATION
CONTROL
When communication is intended to
clarify authority hierarchies and formal
guidelines that members are required to
follow, it functions to control individuals
MOTIVATION
When communication is aimed at forming
specific goals, feedback on progress
towards that specific goal and
reinforcement of desired behavior, it
functions to motivate individuals
EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
When communication is used to show a
person’s frustrations and feelings of
satisfaction, it gives an avenue for
expression of emotions and fulfillment of
social needs
INFORMATION
When communication provides the data that
individuals and groups need to make
decisions, as well as to identify and
evaluate choice, it functions to inform
people
DIRECTIONS OF COMMUNICATION - VERTICAL
 OTHER SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF UPWARD COMMUNICATION

• Performance Reports
• Suggestion Boxes
• Employee Attitude Surveys
• Grievance Procedures
• Superior/Subordinate Discussions
• Informal “Gripe” Sessions
• Climate Surveys
• Management Reviews
 DIRECTIONS OF COMMUNICATION - LATERAL
When communication takes place among members of the
same work group, among managers of the same level or among any
horizontally equivalent personnel, the direction is LATERAL. This
becomes necessary to save time and facilitate coordination and is
informally created to short-circuit the vertical heirarchy and expedite
action. Despite of the fact that this kind of communication often
occurs with the knowledge and support of superiors, they can
produce dysfunctional conflicts when the channels are breached,
when members go above or around their superiors to get things
done or when actions have been taken or decisions made without
the superiors’ knowedge a.k.a. insubordination
 BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
FILTERING
This happens when a sender purposely
manipulates information so it will be
seen more favorably by the receiver. The
more vertical levels in an organization’s
heirarchy, the more opportunities there
are for filtering
SELECTIVE PERCEPTION
This happens when a receiver sees and
hears things in a selective way, based
on his needs, motivations, experience,
background and other personal factors
INFORMATION OVERLOAD
This happens when the information we
have to work with exceeds our processing
capacity. Once this happens, receivers
tend to weed out, ignore, pass over or
forget information
GENDER STYLES
According to recent researches, men often
talk to emphasize status or the language of
independence while women use to create
connection or the language of intimacy.
 BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
EMOTIONS
How the receiver feels at the time of
receiving a communication message
will influence how he or she interprets
it. In fact, extreme emotions e.g.
jubilation, depression are most likely
to hinder effective communication
LANGUAGE
Age, education and cultural
background are three of the more
obvious variables that influence the
language a person uses and the
definitions he or she gives to words. In
fact, senders tend to assume that the
words and terms they use mean the
same to the receiver as they do to
them but oftentimes, it is incorrect.
 CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURES
Cultures that rely heavily on non-
verbal and subtle situational cues
when communicating with others.
What is not said may be more
significant than what is said. Hence, a
person’s official status, place in society
and reputation carry considerable
weight in communications. These
cultures include China, Vietnam, Saudi
Arabia (Asia & the Middle East
Countries)
LOW-CONTEXT CULTURES
Cultures that rely essentially on words
to convey meaning and body
languages or formal titles are
secondary to spoken and written
words. Hence, enforceable contracts
in these cultures tend to be in writing,
precisely worded and highly legalistic.
These cultures are those from Europe
and North American countries
A CULTURAL GUIDE TO COMMUNICATION