AIR &

WATER
- WAT E R

- AIR

- AIR POLLUTION

- THE NITROGEN OXIDE

PROBLEM

- G L O B A L WA R M I N G

- THE CARBON CYCLE

- PREVENTING RUST
 So where does the water come
from?
- Much of the water we use is
taken from rivers.
- But some is pumped up from
below ground.
(GROUNDWATER)

WATER – Everyone needs water

PROVIDING A WATER SUPPLY ON TAP

01 02 03 04
Find a clean source Remove as many solid Add chlorine to store the water in a
(river/aquifer)- to particles from the kill the microbes clean covered
pump water from water as you can reservoir; ready for
• You could make fine particles in the water
stick together& skim them off. pumping to taps
• You could filter the water
through clean gravel
Water purification
Why?

Water from rivers & lake is not pure(dirt, dead animals & plants, dissolved compound, bacteria etc)

Harmful to health

Caused  cholera & thypoid diseases  can kill  therefore, water source need to be TREATED.
 Water treatment
1) filtration – remove large suspended particles such as tree branches & leaves

2) oxidation – increase oxygen content in the water

3) coagulation – alum is added so that the mud particles stick together & sink to the bottom of the
tank. Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is added to reduce the acidity of water.

4) sedimentation – suspended particles deposits at the bottom of the tank

5) filtration – remove remaining suspended particles through sand filters

6) chlorination & fluoridation – chlorine is added to kill microorganism in water ; sodium

fluoride is added to prevent tooth decay
Chemical test for water
Involved cobalt (II) chloride and copper (II) sulfate

To test the presence of water, might not be pure water

1) Anhydrous cobalt (II) chloride

CoCl2(s) + 6H2O(l)  CoCl2.6H2O(s)

Blue pink
(anhydrous) (hydrated)
2) Anhydrous copper (ii) sulphate

CuSO4(s) + 5H20 (l) CuSO4.5H2O(s)

White blue
(anhydrous) (hydrated)
AIR
-Composition of Air
- Making use of Air
- Pollution Alert!
THE COMPOSITION
OF AIR
Air is a mixture of:

- Nitrogen (78%)

- Oxygen (21%)

- carbon dioxide (0.03%)

- inert gases (0.97%)

- Water vapour

- microorganism

- dust
 The Importance of Gases
OXYGEN

-For all living things to breathe

-To oxidise digested food in the body through

cellular respiration
-for combustion of fossil fuels

-Stored in cylinders for astronauts & divers as

life support system
 Nitrogen
Act as cooling agent to store embryos

Used in the manufacture of ammonia & nitric acid (Haber process)

Used in food packaging industry to prevent food oxidation/ maintain

freshness of the product.
 Two stages :
1)Liquefaction
2) Fractional
Fractional distillation of liquid air distillation
Separation of N & O
from liquid air
AIR Pollutant gases:
POLLUTION -CO - CO₂
-SO₂
-Oxide of Nitrogen
-LEAD COMPOUNDS
GASES SOURCES EFFECTS

CO -from incomplete -combine with haemoglobin affect respiration

combustion -colourless, no smell & hard to detect

CO2 -from complete -global warming

combustion

Lead compounds -from petrol combustion -not easy to breakdown

-paints -if it builds up in body, can bring damage to
-old water pipes nervous system, especially to the brain in
children
Sulphur dioxide -power station -become sources of acid rain
-burning of coal/fuels
-volcanoes (natural
source)
How acid rain is formed?

HOMEWORK 
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3uzWUQlZvm0
Acid rain
Rain clouds are formed of pure water

BUT sometimes SO2 & NO chemically react with WATER & O2 in the atmosphere

It fall back to earth in form of ACID RAIN.

2 TYPES :

WET DEPOSITION – type of acid rain which contain water

DRY DEPOSITION – type of acid rain which contain dust or gasses

2 MAIN SOURCES FOR THE GASEOUS
Sulphur dioxide, -power station -become sources
SO2 -burning of of acid rain
coal/fuels
-volcanoes
(natural source)

Nitrogen oxide, -smoke from -become sources

NO vehicles of acid rain
Effects to the environment

Trees : leaves damaged by the acid, cannot

carry out photosynthesis
Lakes & river : becomes to acidic
Soil : not suitable for crops
Building : cause erosion
Metal structures : cause corrosion
NITROGEN
OXIDE
NITROGEN FORM SEVERAL OXIDE
•Nitrous oxide, N₂O

•Nitric oxide, NO

•Nitrogen dioxide, NO₂

 1. Formed in car engines
(exhaust gases)

Sources of 2. High temperature

furnaces

NO in the 3. Area that has a lot of

thunderstorms

atmosphere (electrical energy in

lightning)

4. Bacterial action in the

soil (denitrification)
SOURCES OF NO IN THE
ATMOSPHERE
◦ MOSTLY FROM CAR ENGINE

-nitrogen is unreactive, but high temperature & pressure inside internal

combustion engine cause nitrogen and oxygen to combine

-a mixture of different NO is formed

-This mixture is called NOx  NO, NO2, N2O

 Cause acid rain
Can combine with hydrocarbons
Effects of & other compounds in the
nitrogen oxides atmosphere to form smog
Linked to certain medical
conditions (eg:asthma)
SMOG IS A MIXTURE OF SMOKE AND FOG FORMED FROM
CAR POLLUTION
VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE OF LIGHTNING BOLT CAUSES THE GASES OXYGEN
AND NITROGEN IN THE AIR TO REACT TO FORM NITROGEN OXIDE
Catalytic Converters
Remove oxides of Nitrogen & CO
Consist of :
- Thin layer of catalyst (Pt,Rh)
 HOW DOES IT WORK?
2 compartments :
first compartment  The metals catalyse conversion of Nox to N 2
(reduction catalyst) –Loss O

Second compartment CO is converted to CO₂

(oxidation catalyst)- Gain O

-some of the CO may directly react with NO

 GLOBAL WARMING –
Greenhouse Gases
GREENHOUSE GAS: Gas that absorbs heat energy & stops heat
escaping into space.

Main greenhouse gases:

- Carbon dioxide (main greenhouse gas)

- Methane(e.g : growing no of cows, pigs & sheep- by bacterial action in

digestive system)

- CFCs (refrigerator, spray can)

- Nitrous oxides (by bacteria in soil, retains longer in atmosphere)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3gqoDUtmt4&t=279s
THE CARBON
& OXYGEN
CYCLES

The carbon cycle :

Cycle that involves the
intake, consumption,
and release of carbon
continuously into the
atmosphere.
THE CARBON
CYCLE
-Sources of CO₂:
Combustion,
Respiration, Thermal
decomposition of dead
animals/plants
 RUST
Corrosion : When chemicals in
the air attack metal, and cause
the surface to get eaten away

RUSTING: Corrosion of iron &

steel
Oxygen & water are needed for
rusting
Oxidation reaction
 Prevent rusting
1. Painting – for bridges/cars
2. Coating – plastic coating for garden
furniture
3. Metal platting (Electroplating) – Cr
plating is used for bathroom taps
4. Greasing & oilings – used for tools
and the moving part of machinery
5. Galvanising – iron + Zinc