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DREM Chapter 2
DREM Chapter 2
• The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities
to implement strategies, policies and activities to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of
disaster is called disaster risk management.
• As a process, disaster risk management translates the concept of disaster risk reduction into action done in a
systematic process.
• It is why; the term disaster risk management is commonly used in Disaster Management programmes as this
highlights the implementation of the key areas of disaster risk reduction.
• In simple terms, disaster risk management is the practice while disaster risk reduction is the concept that
guides the practice
2.2 Tools for Disaster Risk Assessment
•It is described that the community disaster risk assessment as a “participatory process of determining the nature,
scope and magnitude of negative effects of hazards to the community and its households within an anticipated time
period.”
•Step 1: identifies hazards in the community. Its output should identify, list down and describe the nature of hazards
in terms of its recurrence, seasonality, and location, possibility of early warning and general knowledge of the
people about the hazard.
•Step 2: captures the hazards, vulnerability and natural resources and facilities of the community in community
and/or digitized maps.
•Step 3: identifies and assesses the vulnerabilities and capacities of the community in general but makes sure that
there is gender disaggregation of data; special needs groups like the children and disabled are given utmost
considerations as well.
•Community disaster risk assessment also facilitates a process of “determining the probable or likely negative effect
(damage and loss) on elements at risk (people – lives and health; household and community structures, facilities and
services – houses, schools, hospitals; livelihood and economic activities (jobs, equipment, crops, livestock); lifelines
– access to roads and bridges)” (ADPC, CBDRM).
2.2 Tools for Disaster Risk Assessment
2. PRA
•PRA uses participatory rural appraisal tools in community disaster risk assessment and planning.
•Use of PRA in community risk assessment invites community participation, lively exchange of ideas, and negotiated
decisions between the community and other stakeholders.
•PRA was developed in India and Kenya during the early 80s and since then has been widely used by development
workers and practitioners of CBDRM. PDRA and PRA share the same goal of community empowerment and
promote the same principles of participation, reflection and action.
•Datas are quantitative. i.e you can express in terms of numerical values
•Facilitation:
•In PDRA, team members facilitate discussions using PRA tools. Each group has a facilitator to moderate group
discussions and a note-taker to record the minutes of discussions and observations on community processes.
•As a general rule, PDRA facilitators should ensure that every member of the group is given the opportunity to share
and that no one dominates the discussion or makes the decision for the group.
•There should also be no physical barriers like tables separating the facilitators and community members.
•Forming groups in circles allows everyone to interact with each other.
2.2 Tools for Disaster Risk Assessment
2. PRA
•PRA Tools Used in Disaster Risk Assessment
a) Timeline
• is a very simple tool that narrates the disaster history and significant events that happened in the community. One
column gives the year and the other column lists down the events that took place.
2. PRA
•PRA Tools Used in Disaster Risk Assessment
b) Seasonal calendar
contains a lot of information about seasonal changes and
related hazards, diseases, community events and other
information related to specific months of the year.
2.2 Tools for Disaster Risk Assessment
Table : Historical Transect Period Events
2. PRA 1960-1970 Ocean was quite far from the roads and
c) Transect: streets
There were many trees around.
•Transect is a highly enjoyable activity since this involves There were many fishes to catch.
Only few houses near the river.
walking in the community Rice fields were small due to absence of
irrigation system.
•following a certain path or direction. Only few people were living in the
mountains.
There were many birds
Historical Transect: Easy living
• Historical transect is the graphic presentation of the 1970-1980 Same environment as years 1960 – 1970
but there were more residents and houses
history of disasters and development in the community. as before.
Community members can review their history based on 1980-1990 Started cutting the trees.
a ten-year or a five year period. Birds were few
People started to plant bananas
The rice fields widened because of the
presence of irrigation system.
Residential houses expanded.
2. PRA
d) Ranking:
•Analyzing problems or weighing solutions can be facilitated by the use of ranking exercises.
•One very useful tool is to use different sizes of leaves or stones to order the problems, needs or solutions.
•Leaves and stones do not cost anything and are found everywhere in the community.
•Ranking is usually a long exercise because community members discuss the reasons why problems or needs must
be order in such a way.
•The value of this exercise to the community is that it facilitates discussion and negotiation.
2.2 Tools for Disaster Risk Assessment
2. PRA
d) Ranking: matrix ranking
D.1 Matrix Ranking:
lightening
•Ranking tools are used to prioritize hazards or disaster
risks, needs or options.
storm
•There are many variations of ranking.
•The example below uses a set of criteria to determine volcano
the impact of the disasters on people’s lives.
•The community members use beans to rank the hazards. earthquake
Ten beans are used to indicate the most significant
indicator and 1 bean to indicate the least significant flood
indicator.
D.2 Proportional piling landslide
•another tool to rank priorities.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
•Using piles of beans or corn seeds to rank is more matrix ranking
flexible than using markers.
•Community members can add or reduce the number of
corn seeds.
2.2 Tools for Disaster Risk Assessment
Capacities Vulnerabilities
2. PRA Physical/Material Hazards: Flooding (annual flood, big
e) Data Collation Using CVA Framework: What productive resources, skills, and flood); floods
hazards exist? happen every year for the past 10 years;
Capacity and vulnerability go hand in hand biggest flood
was in 1996 and 2002
Houses are along the river banks;
houses expanding
along the river
Water system is bad; lack of clean water
Motivational/ Attitudinal
How does the community view its ability to create change?
Risk Perceptions Flood is accident
It is not will by God.
Capacities
Availability of early warning system in case of flood
Availability of communication facilities like phones
Many people know how to swim
2.3 Post Disaster Management
• d. Priority Items:
• The Government of Nepal issued an indicative list of priority items (that cover shelter, food,
hygiene, clothes; drug and surgical items and construction; emergency veterinary medicines,
vaccines, disinfectants and feeds; and agricultural nutrients) required in connection with the
immediate relief operations.
• e. Injured in the Earthquake:
• The Government initially decided to provide NPR 25,000.00 per injured person to the hospitals
that are providing treatment facilities to the people injured in the earthquake, through the Ministry
of Health and Population for treating more serious injuries.
• f. Information Dissemination:
• The Government has effectively disseminated, through different mediums of communication, all
types of information for the safety, security and well-being of its citizens.
2.3.1 Post-Earthquake Relief, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Measures
undertaken by the Government of Nepal
• 3. Data Collection:
• With a view to collecting data on the loss of lives/properties with all vital details, the
Government has sent various teams to the affected districts.
• For maintaining uniformity of the data and also to manage the teams
• The data will be utilized for effective relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction works.
• 4.International Donors' Conference:
• The Government of Nepal will organize an International Donors' Conference on post-
earthquake reconstruction and rehabilitation works, after completing a
comprehensive need assessment, in Kathmandu on 25 June 2015.
• 5.Call for Contributions to PMDRF:
• The Government has advised all the contributors (countries, organizations and
individuals) both at home and abroad to contribute to the Prime Minister's Disaster
Relief Fund (PMDRF) to reach out to the real victims of the earthquake.
• NPR 4,210,032,106.00 has been collected including NPR 745891.00 through online
transfers.
2.3.1 Post-Earthquake Relief, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Measures undertaken by the
Government of Nepal