Reproduction and

Palpation

4-H Veterinary Science

Extension Veterinary Medicine 
Texas AgriLife Extension Service
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science
Texas A&M System
http://aevm.tamu.edu
Objectives
 Describe the estrous cycle
 Describe breeding soundness examination of
female animals
 Discuss breeding soundness examination of
male animals
 Describe procedures for pregnancy
diagnosis, including rectal palpation
techniques
Definitions
 Ovum
 An egg produced by the ovary
 Sperm
 Male germ cell produced by the testes
 Follicle
 Blister on the ovary that forms as the ovum prepares to burst
out at ovulations
 Semen
 Fluid produced by the male accessory sex gland
 Corpus luteum
 A tissue body produced by the ovary from the remains of the
ruptured follicle after ovulation
 Ejaculate
 A mixture of sperm and semen, released during ejaculation
 Estrous
 Length of the cycle

 Estrus
 When animal is in heat
 Sexual receptivity

Species Length of Duration of Estrus to

Estrous Estrus Ovulation
Cattle 21d 15 h 24-32 h
Pig 21 d 50 h 36-44 h
Sheep 17 d 30 h 24-30 h
Horse 21 d 7d 5d
 Normal Cycle
Breeding Soundness
 Cow
 Rectal palpation
 Ovaries
 Activity
 Follicles
 Corpus lutea
 Uterus
 Cervix
 Rectal Ultrasound
 Bull
 External palpation
 Testes
 Size
 Temperature
 Texture
 Epididymis
 Rectal palpation
 Accessory sex glands
Pregnancy Evaluation

 Rectal or ultrasound examination

 Locate embryo/fetus

 Age of fetus
 Vesicle size
 Uterine horn
 Fetus
 Fetal membranes
 Cotyledons
 Uterine artery
 Bone
 First trimester
 1 week – marble size
 6 weeks – hen egg size
 2 months – baseball size
 3 months – softball size
 Second trimester
 4 months – volleyball size
 5 months – basketball size
 6 months – fetus out of reach
 Third trimester
 7-9 months – bony calf, increasing in size