AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

TEL 007
RESISTORS, CAPACITORS,
INDUCTANCE COIL
 OBJECTIVES
01 02 03
To describe the To describe the
relationship To describe the
relationship between relationship between
voltage and current between voltage
and current of a voltage and current
of an ohmic resistor of a capacitor in an
in an AC/DC circuit. coil in an AC/DC
circuit. AC/DC circuit.
 INTRODUCTION
The Relationship of Current and voltage have the same frequency
Current and Voltage in and similar waveform which is sinusoidal.
an AC Circuit:
However, the current flow is influenced by the
magnetic and electrostatic effects of inductance
and capacitance.

The result:
 The current and voltage to be out of phase.
 The voltage and current do not pass through
zero at the same time.
 INTRODUCTION

There is no such thing as pure resistance when

considering an AC circuit.

For the purpose of studying AC theory, assume that we can build separate circuits having only…
Resistance Inductance Capacitance
 RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVE CIRCUIT

In the resistive circuit:

 assume ‘pure resistance’
 voltage and current are in phase
 In AC, Ohm’s Law applies as in DC

Explanation on the phase relationship in a

purely resistive circuit 𝑉 =𝐼𝑅
 OBJECTIVES
01 02 03
To describe the To describe the
relationship To describe the
relationship between
between voltage relationship between
voltage and current
and current of a voltage and current
of an ohmic resistor
coil in an AC/DC of a capacitor in an
in an AC/DC circuit.
circuit. AC/DC circuit.
 INDUCTOR

• Inductor: A device having inductance.

• Inductance: The ability of coil to produce back EMF.

• Unit of inductance: Henry (H)

• Symbol of inductor (L):

1 henry = a current change of 1 ampere per second

induces a back EMF of 1 volt.
 INDUCTOR IN DC CIRCUIT

• Current flows, magnetic field expands • Rapid collapse of the magnetic

Primary circuit: Secondary circuit: and cut the coil in the secondary circuit field because the current flow
No current flow, so Nothing happen as it expanding, inducing voltage and has ceased.
no magnetic field since no current current (as shown by deflection of
• The ammeter kicks in the
flow in primary ammeter).
• When current is stable, magnetic field is opposite direction as the field
circuit
collapses to zero.
also stable & no more induced voltage.
 INDUCTOR IN AC CIRCUIT

• The magnetic field is constantly changing due to ever changing and alternating
current flow.
• There will be continually induced voltage and current flow proportional to AC
waveform – indicated by the ammeter’s needle.
 INDUCTOR IN AC CIRCUIT
• AC supply still generates an
ever-changing magnetic field,
inducing a voltage in the coil
itself.

Self-induction

• Self-induced voltage is
referred as Back EMF.
• According to Lenz Law, the
Secondary circuit has been removed. voltage induced will oppose any
change of current in the circuit.
 PURELY INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT

The effect of inductance in an AC circuit:

 Voltage and current are out of phase
 The current lags the voltage by 90°
This is caused by back EMF
The amount of inductance can be
measured by the size of the
induced voltage.
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT INDUCED VOLTAGE

1. The number of turns in the coil

The more turns of wire there are in the coil, the stronger will its
magnetic field, producing a larger back EMF.

Less turns of wire More turns of wire

 FACTORS THAT AFFECT INDUCED VOLTAGE

2. The addition of a soft iron core in the coil

Placing a soft iron core will produce a stronger magnetic field
and increase the back EMF.

Without iron core With iron core

 FACTORS THAT AFFECT INDUCED VOLTAGE

3. An increase in the rate of change of current

If the frequency is increased, the rate of change of current will increase,
causing an increase in a rate of change of the magnetic field.

Lower frequency Higher frequency

 INDUCTIVE REACTANCE

• Inductive Reactance: 𝑋 𝐿 =2 𝜋 𝑓𝐿
It is an opposition to current flow in
- a constant
inductive circuit.
- the frequency
L - the inductance
• Why reactance?
Because the effects of inductance When frequency increases:
depend on the frequency of the supply  the value of inductive
as well as the value of the inductance. reactance increases
 the current would decrease
• Unit: Ohms 1 1
𝐼 ↓∝ =
• Symbol:
𝑋𝐿↑ 2 𝜋 𝑓 ↑𝐿
 OBJECTIVES
01 02 03
To describe the To describe the To describe the
relationship between relationship relationship between
voltage and current between voltage voltage and current
of an ohmic resistor and current of a of a capacitor in an
in an AC/DC circuit. coil in an AC/DC AC/DC circuit.
circuit.
 CAPACITOR IN AN AC CIRCUIT

Review on Capacitors:
• What does a capacitor
consist of?
• What are the factors that
affect the amount of
charge that it can hold?
• What is the capacitor
working principle in DC
Capacitor in an AC circuit
circuit?
 CAPACITANCE AND PURELY CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT

Capacitance:
The ability of the circuit to
store electrical charge.

The effect of capacitance in AC circuit:

 Voltage and current are out of phase
 The current leads the voltage by 90°
increase or decrease, depending
remain
decrease.
theon
same.
the capacity of the circuit.
increase.

CAPACITIVE REACTANCE

• Capacitive Reactance: 1
It is an opposition to current flow in 𝑋 𝐶=
capacitive circuit. 2 𝜋 𝑓𝐶
- a constant
- the frequency
• Why reactance?
C - the capacitance
Because the effects of capacitance When frequency increases:
depend on the frequency of the supply  the value of capacitive
as well as the value of the capacitance.
reactance decreases
• Unit: Ohms  the current would increase
1
• Symbol: 𝐼 ↑∝ =2 𝜋 𝑓 ↑ 𝐶
𝑋𝐶↓
 MNEMONIC CIVIL

In a CAPACITIVE circuit, I current leads V voltage

C I V I L
V voltage leads I current in an L INDUCTIVE circuit