PRINCIPLE OF FLIGHT

TPF 010
Lift and Drag

Asia Aeronautical Training Academy ATPL THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE TRAINING

 LAST CLASS

1. Density Altitude
2. Lift Curve

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 OBJECTIVES

1. To discuss briefly on Drag

2. To discuss Lift/Drag Ratio

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 OVERVIEW

1 Drag Equation

2 Drag Characteristic

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 AERODYNAMIC FORCE
o Aerodynamic force depend on:
• Air Density
Dynamic
• Airstream Velocity
Pressure (Q)
• Kinetic Energy
• AoA
• Surface Area (S)

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 DRAG
o Drag acting on an aircraft depends upon:
• Air Density (ρ)
Dynamic
• Air velocity (V)
Pressure (Q)
• Kinetic Energy
• AoA
• Shape, Wing Plan form - Surface area (S)

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 DRAG CHARACTERISTIC

1) Direction of drag
2) What is CD
3) Relationship between CD and AoA

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 DRAG CHARACTERISTIC
o Low AoA : Low CD, small change
with small change of AoA
o Higher AoA - rate of change in CD
per AoA increases
o CD change with AoA is
exponential
o Beyond stalling AoA, CD rises is
large
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 OBJECTIVES

1. To discuss briefly on Drag


2. To discuss Lift/Drag Ratio

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 OVERVIEW

1 Lift/Drag Ratio

2 Factors affect on L/D Ratio

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 LIFT AND DRAG

o An aircraft can fly level at different speeds - same Lift

o But CD will vary at each of the different speeds

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 LIFT AND DRAG

o For max efficiency: Max Lift, Least Drag

o Max lift at 15º, Least drag at -2º
o Where is the best L/D?

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 LIFT/DRAG RATIO

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 LIFT/DRAG RATIO

1
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2
2
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=¿ =¿
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑔 1 2
𝜌 𝑉 𝑆𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷
2

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 LIFT/DRAG RATIO
o L/D ratio increase rapidly up to 4º
(L/D max)
o At higher AoA, L/D ratio reduces.
Why?
o Increase in AoA, CL continues to
increase but CD increases rapidly.
o At any other AoA, Lift increases at
the cost of Drag
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 EFFECT OF WEIGHT ON L/D MAX

* For a given configuration

(flaps, gear, spoilers and
airframe contamination) and at
speed less than M 0.4 , changes
in weight will not change L/D
max.

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 L/D RATIO OF DIFFERENT AIRCRAFT

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 L/D RATIO OF DIFFERENT AIRCRAFT

1) Surface irregularities (especially near leading edge) affects Clmax.

2) Roughness further downstream than about 20 percent of the chord has little effect on Clmax.

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 L/D RATIO OF DIFFERENT AIRCRAFT

1) High lift devices reduce take off landing distance by increasing CL MAX of aerofoil section
2) Reduces minimum speed
3) Reduce the angle of attack for any given lift coefficient.

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 OBJECTIVES

1. To discuss briefly on Drag


2. To discuss Lift/Drag Ratio


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 QUESTIONS

1. Why optimum L/D occur at small

AoA?
2. For the same aircraft model with
different weight, what happen to L/D
max for the heavier aircraft?

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 CONCLUSION
1. Discussed briefly on Drag
2. Learned the importance of L/D
ratio and L/D max.

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 NEXT CLASS

3-Dimensional Air Flow

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 THANK YOU

ATAS
AERONAUTIK
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