Hiba firoos

Roll no.13.
S4 B batch
 BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity is the measure of variety of earth’s

animals,plants and microbial species of genetic
differences within species and of the eco systems,that
support the species.
 BIODIVERSITY:AT GLOBAL LEVEL

•The present geological era is perhaps the richest in biological diversity.

•invertibrate animals and plants makeup most the species.
•about 70% of all known species are invertibrates.
•about 15% are plants.
•The rest of the species constitute 15%

Green plants and fungi:300000 species

Vertibrates:40000 species
Insects:8,00,000 species
Microorganisms:3,60,000 species
• •The huge numbetr of species which are still unknown on this earth.About 2.1 million species
have been identified till date.
• •The tropical rainforests have species of plants,insects,animals.They are the earth’s largest store
house of biodiversity.
• • Mammals, the animal group to which man belong, comprisea comparatively small number of
species.
• •Of all the global species, only 10 to 15% live in NorthAmerica and Europe.
• •BUT the major centers of greatest biodiversity tend to be inthe tropics.
• •Species are not uniformly distributed over the Earth;diversity varies greatly from place to
place.In terms of the number of organism andnumber of species of each kind,biodiversity has
varied markedly through geological time
•in terms of present day species richness, biodiversity varies greatly across the
globe.The present global patterns in biodiversity indicate that the species richness
tends to vary geographically according to a series of well defined rules.
•For example, case of terrestrial environments:
Warmer areas hold more species than the colder areasWetter areas hold more species
than the drier ones;
• Larger areas hold more species than the smaller areas
Areas of varied climate and topography hold morespecies than the areas of uniform
climate and topography Areas at lower altitude (elevation) hold more species than the
high altitude areas; andLess seasonal areas hold more species than thehighly seasonal
areas.
 REASONS FOR GREATER
BIODIVERSITY IN TROPICS

1. 1.Tropical areas receive more solar energy over the year.

Therefore, tropical communities are more productive
resulting in a greater resource base that can support a wider
range of species
2. 2. Warm temperatures and high humidity of tropical areas
provide favourable environmental conditions for many
species.
3. 3. Over geological times, the tropics have had a more stable
climate than the temperate areas. In tropics, therefore, local
species continued to thrive and live there itself; whereas, in
temperate zones, they tend to disperse to other areas.
4. 4. There has been more time for tropical communities to
evolve as they are older thantemperate ones.This has allowed
tropical communities greater degree of specialization and
local adaptation to occur.
5. 5. In tropics, the greater pressure from pests, parasites and
diseases does not allow any single species to dominate.Thus,
there is opportunity for many species to coexist.In temperate
areas, there is reduced pressure from pests, parasites and
diseases due to cold, that exclude many species.
 BIODIVERSITY:AT NATIONAL LEVEL

•India is one of the twelve mega-diversity nations of the world accounting for 7.31% of the global
faunal and 10.88% of the global floral total species.
• Currently India is in tenth position in the world andfourth in the Asia in plant diversity.
• INDIA ranks tenth in mammalian sp in the world;
• and in terms of endemic species of higher vertebrates, it ranks eleventh.
About 2/3 of the geographical area of the country, hasat present 89,317 species of fauna and
45,364species of flora representing about 7.32% of theworld fauna and 10.88% the world
flora
•Among plants, the species richness is high in
angiosperms > bryophyta > pteridophyta > orchidaceae.
Among animals,arthropoda (insects) are predominant.
•India is rich in agro-biodiversity.There are over 167 crop species and wild relatives. India
has the origin of 30,000 to 50,000 varieties of RICE, pigeon-pea, mango, turmeric, ginger,
sugarcane, gooseberries, etc. and ranks 7th in terms of contribution to world agriculture.
•India also boasts rich marine biodiversity,along the coastline of 7516.5 km with exclusive
economic zone of 202 million sq.km, supporting the most productive ecosystems such
asmangroves, estuaries, lagoons and coral reefs.
SALIENT FEATURES OF NATIONAL
BIODIVERSITY
• •India has two major realms called the
Palaearcticand the Indo Malayan;and three biomes,
namely the tropical humid forests,the tropical dry
deciduous forests and the warm desert/ semi-
deserts.
• •India has ten biogeographic regions, namely

the Trans-Himalayan the Deccan Peninsula,

,the Himalayan, the Genetic plain
the Indian desert, North-East India,
the semi-arid zone the Islands, and the coasts
,the Western Ghats,

•India is one of the 12th mega diversity

nations of world
India is one of the 12 centres of origin of
cultivated plants
 MANGROVES

BIODIVERSITY AT LOCAL
LEVEL

It is the Southern states of India having3.83 Million ha of

recorded forest area which is around 20 percent of its
geographical area
Karnataka consists of 3 regions;
• Coastal zone: 320 km with estuaries, lagoons, bays,
creeks, cliffs, dunes etc• Western ghats: 1600 km, 60%
located in Karnataka• Eastern plains
 Western ghats

1. Over 4500 species of flowering plants

(38% endemic)330 butterflies (11%
endemic), 156 reptiles (62%
endemic)508 birds (4% endemic)150
mammals (12% endemic) 289 fishes
(41% endemic)135 amphibians (75%
endemic)
2. Forest species like Fairy blue
bird.Shola-grassland ecosystem of
Kudremukh National Park and Malabar
Trogan, and Baba Budangiris,
Rainforests of Bisle (Sakleshpura
taluk), Pushpagiri WLS,butterflies
likesouthern bird wing.Paris
peacock,Brahmagiris and also some
parts of Billigiri Ranganatha hillsRed
Helen can be sighted in the high
 Uttarakhand biodiversity
EASTERN PLAINS

The species occur here are mostly Acacias,

Hardwikicia, Neem, Pongamia, Somida,
Santalam albam, Ficus etc.1421 species of
angiosperms under 140 families. 107 species
are listed as medicinal plants but due to scarce
occurrence many are not harvested.
East Karnataka is in the rain shadow area.
Good scrub forests and some grasslands.
Important birding areas are the grasslands of
Ranibennur (Haveri dist.), grasslands of
Maidenahalli (Madhugiri taluk), dry deciduous
forests of Sandur (Bellary), Devarayanadurga
hills (near Tumkur), Savanadurga state forest
(Magadi Taluk, Bangalore rural district),
Cauvery WLS (Mandya dist.)
THANKYOU