IGCSE Chemistry

Chapter2: The nature of matter

Learning objectives:
 To define matter and explain pure and impure
types of matter.
 To describe different phases of matter in detail
and compare their properties with each other.
 Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2qM4o8e_Vo
Chapter2: The nature of matter
Topic2.1: The states of matter
1.Defining matter
Chapter2: The nature of matter
Topic2.1: The states of matter
2.Types of matter
 Student Activity1
Q1. Define matter?

Q2. What is the difference between

pure and impure matter?
Chapter2: The nature of matter
Topic2.1: The states of matter
3.States of matter
Chapter2: The nature of matter
Topic2.1: The states of matter
3.States of matter
Chapter2: The nature of matter
Topic2.1: The states of matter
3.States of matter
Chapter2: The nature of matter
Topic2.3: Changes of states
Chapter2: The nature of matter
Topic2.3: Changes of states
Students activity1
Chapter2: The nature of matter
Topic2.3: Changes of states
1. Melting point and boiling point
Chapter2: The nature of matter
Topic2.3: Changes of states
Chapter2: The nature of matter
Topic2.3: Changes of states
Chapter2: The nature of matter
Topic2.3: Changes of states
1. Heating curve
Chapter2: The nature of matter
Topic2.3: Changes of states
2. Cooling curve
 Student Activity2
Q1. Compare the movement of
particles at stage 1 and 3.
Q2. Compare the average kinetic
energy of particles at stage 3
and 5.
Q3. name two phases of matter
present at stage 2.
Q4. Name two phases of matter
that are present at stage 4.
Q5. What is the melting point of
this compound?
Q6. What is the boiling point of this
compound?
IGCSE Chemistry past papers -Q1.
IGCSE Chemistry past papers –Q2.
IGCSE Chemistry past papers – Q3.
IGCSE Chemistry past papers –Q4.
IGCSE Chemistry past papers – Q5.
 IGCSE Chemistry
Chapter2: The nature of matter
Learning objectives
To define and explain kinetic molecular
theory of matter.
To describe advantages and limitations of
kinetic theory of matter particles.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2qM4o8e_Vo
 Chapter2: The nature of matter
Topic2.2: Kinetic molecular theory of matter
 Chapter2: The nature of matter
Topic2.2: Kinetic molecular theory of matter
Limitations of kinetic theory:
1. Particles are not hard spheres but atoms,
molecules and ions.
2. Particles can be all sorts of shapes and twist and
bend on collision with other particles.
3. Inter molecular forces are present between
particles that are significant at closer positions.
IGCSE Chemistry past papers – Q6
IGCSE Chemistry past papers – Q7
IGCSE Chemistry past papers – Q8
IGCSE Chemistry past papers – Q9
IGCSE Chemistry past papers – Q10
IGCSE Chemistry past papers – Q11
IGCSE Chemistry past papers – Q11
 Learning objectives
To define and explain the term
“Diffusion.”
To explain the factors that affect
diffusion.
 Video link for animations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUGZSypVHQg
Diffusion
Diffusion
Diffusion
Diffusion
Student Activity (Q11)
Student Activity (Theory Q2)
Student Activity (Theory Q3)
Home work
Home work
 States of matter
Learning Objectives:
1. To review the three states of matter and
inter conversions of these states.
2. To evaluate the students to set the
standards of performance on the bases of
test scores.
States of matter
 Solids
Solids have fixed shape and volume.
Particles in a solid are still and have no
energy, the particles aren't moving.
 All of the particles in a solid are
touching and are compact.
 Liquids
Liquids have fixed volume but no
fixed shape.
Particles in a liquid are moving and
can flow to fill and fit a space, the
particles have some energy.  
Like solids, all of the particles are
touching.
 Gases
Gases have no fixed shape and no
fixed volume.
Particles in a gas move freely and
have lots of energy (a high energy
level).
The particles are far apart (aren't
touching)
Inter conversions of solids,
liquids and gases
 Inter conversions of states
• The inter conversions of solids, liquids and gases are
achieved through the following processes:
• Solid to Liquid - Melting

• Liquid to Solid  - Freezing

• Liquid to Gas - Evaporation

• Gas to Liquid - Condensing

• Gas to Solid - Sublimation (Condensation)
• Solid to Gas - Sublimation (Evaporation)
Inter conversions of states
 Inter conversions of states
MELTING
SOLID → LIQUID

 Heat the Solid until it Melts.

 Particles gain kinetic energy and vibrates faster,
allowing particles to overcome forces of
attraction that hold them together in the solid.
 Regular pattern is broken down and particles can
now slide past one another
 Inter conversions of states
FREEZING
LIQUID → SOLID

 Cool the Liquid until it Freezes.

 Particles lose kinetic energy, allowing forces of
attraction between the particles to hold them
together.
 Particles arrange themselves into a regular pattern
and are no longer able to slide past one another
 Inter conversions of states
EVAPORATION
LIQUID → GAS
 Heat the Liquid until it Boils
 Particles gain kinetic energy and move further
apart, causing the forces of attraction between
them to be completely broken and escape from
liquid
 Inter conversions of states
CONDENSATION
GAS → LIQUID
Cool the Gas until it Condenses
 Particles lose kinetic energy and vibrates faster,
allowing forces of attraction to bring particles
closer together.
 Particles eventually clump together to form a
liquid
 Inter conversions of states
SUBLIMATION
SOLID → GAS
 Heat the Solid until it Sublimes.
 Particles gain kinetic energy and vibrates faster,
causing forces of attraction between particles to
be completely broken and escape from solid.