Our Lady of the Holy Rosary School

(Our Lady of the Holy Rosary Educational Foundation, Inc.)

Member, Association of LASSSAI Accredited Superschools

GREETINGS!!
Our Lady of the Holy Rosary School
(Our Lady of the Holy Rosary Educational Foundation, Inc.)
Member, Association of LASSSAI Accredited Superschools

SYNTHESIS OF AN
ELEMENT
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ATOM
A Timeline on the Brief History on Matter and Atoms
YEAR EVENT
Empedocles asserted that all things are composed of four primal
450 BC elements: earth, air, fire and water.
Democritus proposed that all matter is made up of very small particles
400 BC called atoms, which cannot be divided into smaller units.
Aristotle proposed that all matter was continuous and can be further
380-320 BC divided into smaller pieces.

1799 Joseph Proust proposed the law of definite proportions

John Dalton formulated the atomic theory and proposed the law of
1808 multiple proportions.
Dmitry Mendeleev arranged the known elements in a periodic table
1869 based on their atomic mass
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 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ATOM
A Timeline on the Brief History on Matter and Atoms
YEAR EVENT
Antoine Becquerel and Marie Curie observed that radioactivity
1890s causes some atoms to break down spontaneously.
1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays
Joseph John Thompson discovered electrons through cathode ray
1897 experiment
Joseph John Thompson suggested the plum pudding model of an
1904 atom
Robert Milikan discovered that the charge of an electron is equal to C
1908-1917 through oil drop experiment

1910-1911 Ernest Rutherford observed that atoms are mostly empty space.

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 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ATOM
A Timeline on the Brief History on Matter and Atoms
YEAR EVENT
Niels Bohr proposed an atomic model that shows electrons move in
1913 concentric orbits around the nucleus.
1919 Ernest Rutherford discovered protons though gold-foil experiment.

1932 James Chadwick discovered neutrons

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 Law of Definite Proportions
A given chemical compound always
contain the same elements in the exact
same proportions by mass.
Example
H2O – will always have 1:9 hydrogen and
8:9 oxygen by mass.
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 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. Elements are made of small indivisible particles
called the atom.
2. In any given pure element, the mass and other
properties of all the atoms are the same.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than
one element. The constituent atoms in a given
compound are present in a consistent or constant
whole number ratio
4. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed.
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 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

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 Cathode Ray Experiment

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 PLUM PUDDING MODEL

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 Oil Drop Experiment

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 Gold Foil Experiment

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 BOHR MODEL OF AN ATOM

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 Bombardment of alpha to
Beryllium

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 Through the discovery of the existence
of sub-atomic particles and rules that bind
them. Scientists were able to synthesize
other missing elements from the periodic
table by nuclear reactions to create new
and unknown elements.

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 ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION

Describes how electrons are distributed

in its atomic orbitals

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 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION CHART

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 ACTIVITY: Baby you’re my sun and moon
Direction: Write the electron configuration
of the following elements.
1. Fe
2. Hg
3. Se
4. Sr
5. Ru
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Our Lady of the Holy Rosary School
(Our Lady of the Holy Rosary Educational Foundation, Inc.)
Member, Association of LASSSAI Accredited Superschools

POLARITY OF
MOLECULES
 MOLECULES
Molecules are a group of 2 or more atoms
held together by chemical bonds.
Example:
H2O or water is composed of 2 Hydrogen
atoms and 1 Oxygen atom
NaCl or table salt is a sodium atom bonded
to a chlorine atom.
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 POLARITY
The distribution of electric charge around
atoms, chemical groups or molecules.

Equal or Unequal sharing of electrons among

the atoms of a molecule

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 CAN WATER AND
OIL BE MIXED
TOGETHER?

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 Oil and water cannot be mixed
together because oil is non-
polar while water is a polar
molecule
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 What makes a person
attractive?

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 ELECTRONEGATIVY DIFFERENCE

Electronegativity is a measure of tendency

of an atom to attract electrons towards itself.
The higher the electronegativity of an atom
the more it is capable to attract electrons for
itself.

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 Some atoms possess strong
attracting power and some also do
possess weak attracting power.

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 POLARITY OF MOLECULES
Polarity of molecules depends on two
condition:
1. Electronegativity Difference
2. Geometrical Shape of the Molecules
based on the VSEPR (Valence Shell
Electron Pair Repulsion) Theory.
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 ELECTRONEGATIVY DIFFERENCE

IONIC BOND
Polar Covalent
Non-Polar Covalent

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ACTIVITY: CALL ME BABY
Complete the table below. Determine the
Electronegativity Difference and the type of Bond.
ATOM 1 ATOM 2 ELECTRONEGATIVITY BOND TYPE
DIFFERENCE
ARSENIC SULFUR
COBALT BROMINE
GERMANIUM SELENIUM
SILICON FLOURINE
POTASSIUM NITROGEN
NICKEL OXYGEN
BARIUM TIN

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 TAKE NOTE!

The closer two of the elements

are in the periodic table, the more
it has the tendency to form a non-
polar bond.
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 LEWIS ELECTRON DOT
STRUCTURE

The Valence Electron are

represented using a dot around
the symbol of an element.

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 OCTET RULE
Atoms tend to gain, share or transfer
electrons in order to attain a stable 8
valence electron configuration.

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 VALENCE ELECTRON

The electrons that are located in

the outermost electron shell of an
atom.

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 HOW TO DETERMINE VALENCE
ELECTRON?
• Periodic Table
• Electron Configuration
Ex: F –
Note that there are a total of 7
electrons for the outermost level.
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 Example: H20
What is the electron configuration of
Hydrogen and Oxygen?

How many electrons does each atom

possess on its outermost shell?
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 Let’s draw the Lewis Electron Dot
Structure of the following elements.
1. Fe
2. Hg
3. Al
4. Cl
5. Ca
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 POLAR MOLECULES
A molecule is said to be polar if there is
an unequal or asymmetrical distribution of
electrons among the atoms of a molecule.

There is a dipole moment if the molecule

is polar.
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 DIPOLE MOMENT
It serves as a measurement of the
polarity of the molecules. A dipole
moment is created when the atoms of a
molecule share the electrons unequally.

Example: HCl
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 NON-POLAR MOLECULES
A molecule is non-polar if there is an
equal and symmetrical distribution of
electrons among the atoms in a molecule.
Does not have a dipole moment.

Ex: O2
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 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

The three-dimensional
arrangement of atom in a
molecule.

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 VSEPR THEORY
KEY IDEAS:

1. Electron pairs stay as far apart from each other as

possible to minimize repulsions.
2. Molecular shape is determined by the number of
bond pairs and lone pairs around the atom.
3. Treat multiple bonds as if they were single bonds.
4. Lone pairs occupy more volume than bond pairs.

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 MOLECULAR # of Electron Pairs EXAMPLE
GEOMETRY

LINEAR 2 bond pairs CO2

0 lone pairs
TRIGONAL 3 bond pairs BF3
PLANAR 0 lone pairs
BENT OR 2 bond pairs SO2
ANGULAR 1 lone pair
TETRAHEDRAL 4 bond pairs CH4
0 lone pair
TRIGONAL 3 bond pairs PCl3
PYRAMIDAL 1 lone pair

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 MOLECULAR # of Electron Pairs EXAMPLE
GEOMETRY

TRIGONAL 5 bond pairs PCl5

BIPYRAMIDAL 0 lone pairs
OCTAHEDRAL 6 bond pairs SF6
0 lone pairs

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 PREDICTING THE SHAPE OF A
MOLECULE
1. Count the number of electron pairs around the
central atom.
2. Determine the molecular geometry or the
VSEPR shape.

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 NONPOLAR MOLECULE
The shape of the molecule is
symmetrical.
• Due to equal sharing of electrons
• No dipole moment.
• Valence electrons are shared equally
on both sides of an atom.
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 EXAMPLES OF NONPOLAR
MOLECULES
• O2
• F2
• Cl2
• CO2
• CF4
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 POLAR MOLECULES
The shape of the molecule is asymmetrical

1. Unequal sharing of electrons between

atoms.
2. Has dipole moment (partial positive and
negative)

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 EXAMPLES OF POLAR
MOLECULES
• HCl
• HF
• H2O
• NH3
• CF4
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ACTIVITY: BABY I, DANCING IN THE DARK
Determine the Lewis structure, number of electron
pairs of the central atom, the molecular
geometry/VSEPR shape and the polarity.
1. NH3
2. BeCl2
3. CH4
4. CH2F2
5. SO2
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Let’s REVIEW!!
1. The ancient philosopher that believed that all things
are made up of four elements (water, air, earth and fire).
2. Proposed the law of definite proportions.
3. Dmitry Mendeleev arranged the elements by their
what specific characteristic?
4. J.J Thompson discovered what sub-atomic particle?
5. What atomic model did Thompson proposed?
6. What specific experiment did Rutherford do to
discover that atoms are mostly empty space?
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Let’s REVIEW!!
7. Who discovered the neutron?
8. It is the specific arrangement or distribution of
electrons per orbit.
9. The f-shell can hold how many electrons?
10. How many orbits of electrons does the element
Silver have?
11. It is the tendency of an atom to pull an electron
towards itself.
12. Which is more electronegative, Boron or Chlorine?
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Let’s REVIEW!!
13. The electronegativity of two elements is 0.3, what
type of bond exist between the two elements?
14. Occurs when there’s an unequal sharing of
electrons between two elements.
15. The molecular geometry of a molecule with 6 bond
pairs and 0 lone pairs is what?

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SIMPLY PUT
POLARITY OF
MOLECULE
CAN BE DETERMINED
THROUGH

ELECTRONEGATIVITY MOLECULAR
DIFFERENCE GEOMETRY

POLAR – Dipole moment exist, sharing

is unequal and has asymmetrical
IONIC –
shape.
POLAR COVALENT –
NON POLAR – Dipole moment may
NON-POLAR COVALENT -
exist but cancels out, sharing is equal
and has symmetrical shape

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