Sec 2 Geog (Chapter 3)

All About
Geography
Secondary
Two
Urban Living
Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?
3 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

3
Contents: Housing
1. What is housing shortage?

– Housing shortage
○ Lack of safe shelter
○ Insufficient basic services
Resource : Kibera Water nd Environmental Sanitation Programme
2. Which cities in the world experience housing shortage? Why does
housing shortage occur?
– Location of cities that experience housing shortage
– Rapid population growth
– Migration
– High birth rates
– Competing land use
– Limited land supply

Contents: Housing
3. What are the consequences of housing shortage in cities?

– Homelessness
– Slums and squatter settlements
○ Environmental pollution
○ Low level of health due to poor living conditions
○ Vulnerability

Contents: Housing
4. What are some strategies used by cities to manage housing

shortage and build inclusive homes?
– Strategies to manage housing shortage
○ Slum upgrading
○ Provision of public housing
– Inclusive housing
○ Affordable housing
○ Facilities and amenities for all ages
○ Strong sense of place and belonging

What is housing shortage?

3
Housing shortage
‘Housing shortage is present when

there is insufficient housing to
accommodate the population in an
area, when the supply of houses
cannot meet the demand.’

Housing shortage
• Housing shortage is a situation

where housing is unaffordable
for those who need it
• The presence of homeless people
and slums and squatter
settlements indicates housing
shortage

Housing shortage
‘Slums and squatter settlements

are urban areas which are heavily
populated, and the residents have
poor quality housing and poor access
to basic services.’

Housing shortage
• Slum and squatter settlements have

a few characteristics
– May have developed without
permission
– Often neglected and do not
receive adequate provision of basic
services
– Residents often face threat of
eviction
• People in housing shortage situationsBarong-barongs in Manila, Philippines. Slums and squatter
settlements are also known as shanty towns, or by their local
names, like ‘barong-barong’ in the Philippines, and ‘favela’ in
suffer from lack of safe shelter andBrazil.
insufficient basic services

Housing shortage
Lack of safe shelter
Descriptive writing of photograph interpretation requires you to specify the part of the photograph you are referring to,
using words like foreground, middleground and background, left, right and centre. ( Read up on Chapter 2 page 26 and 27.
Refer to the details of the photograph and make reference to specific features that may affect human activities.
In the middle ground , the

photograph shows the walls
and roofs of houses tend
to be made of poor quality
materials like zinc and
cardboard. Most of these
materials are flammable
and there is an increased
risk of fires.
The foreground of the

photograph shows weak
foundations and unstable
walls of houses mean that
they are likely to collapse
easily during natural
disasters, such as floods
and earthquakes.

Housing shortage
Lack of safe shelter
• People who live in slums and

squatter settlements face many
problems
– Houses often built on
unsuitable sites such as low-
lying areas or steep slopes are
prone to floods and landslides
– Houses built in a dense and
disorderly manner are difficult
to evacuate during emergencies
– They are not protected against
natural elements Favela Chapéu Mangueira, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Housing shortage
Insufficient basic services
• People in a housing shortage situation often lack access to basic

services
– Electricity
– Clean water
– Proper sanitation and waste disposal
• This is often due to a lack of infrastructure

– Power lines
– Water pipes
– Toilets and waste management facilities

Housing shortage
• Example: Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

( From Sec 2 onwards; wherever possible, any
reference to places should follow this format, Name of
place, name of City and Country )
– Residents illegally tap the city’s

electricity supply to get access to
electricity

Housing shortage
• Example: Kibera slum, Nairobi, Kenya

– Inconsistent access to water
– Lack of proper sanitation and waste disposal
Comments from Kennedy, a

student volunteer who has lived
in Kibera for 12 years
Source: IRIN (2006)

Which cities in the world experience housing shortage?
3
In this section, you will learn to :
- Identify the location of cities

experiencing housing shortage
using Maps
- Describe the extent of housing
shortages in cities using graphs
and tables

The World is experiencing a global housing crisis. Based on fig.
3.9 , where would housing shortage be a serious problem?
Suggest a possible reasons for your answer.
18 Presentation Title runs here l 00/00/00

Homeless Population in U.S .
Make a guess what percentage of the

children are homeless.

Which cities in the world experience housing
shortage?
Beijing, China
Cairo, Egypt
Los Angeles,
USA
Mumbai, India
Kigali, Rwanda

shortage?
• Extent of housing shortage is severe in cities of less developed

countries with large populations
– Example: 62% of residents in the city of Mumbai, India, are said to
live in a slum
• Extent of homelessness varies between cities in a country
– Example: Different cities in the USA

shortage?
• The location of slums

have a number of
similarities
– At the edge of cities
– Adjacent to industrial
areas or near the city
centre
– Along major transport
routes
• Example: The location
of some major slums in A map showing the slums of Kibera, Mathare and Mukuru in Nairobi, Kenya.
Nairobi, Kenya

Let’s Try it –Page 75 Fig 3.14
1( a) Where are the slums found?
( b) How are the slums arranged compared to other parts of the city?
Most of the slums are located on the slopes

of a steep hill. Some of the slums can also
be found on gently sloping or flatland,with
many trees surrounding them.
Most of the houses in the slums are built

very close to one another. They are densely
packed together in a disorderly manner.
This contrasts with the tall buildings that are
built along the main road in the foreground
of the photograph. The other high rise
buildings located behind the hill are built
close to one another in an orderly manner.

Suggest reasons for the location of the slums in
industrial areas.
Slums are found next to industrial areas or near to the city where
there are (i) _______________ opportunities. Slums are also
found along major (ii) ___________________ routes so that
residents can make use of transport services (iii)
__________________ .
Answers
(i) Job
(ii) Transport
(iii) Conveniently

Why does housing shortage occur?

3
Reasons for housing shortage
• Rapid population growth

• Migration
• High birth rates
• Competing land use
• Limited land supply

Rapid population growth
• Rapid population growth

will lead to an increased
demand for housing,
which can in turn lead
to housing shortage
• Overall world population
(represented by the
beige bars) is increasing
• The urban population of
the world (represented
by the blue line) is on
the rise

Rapid population growth
• Urbanisation: The increase in the proportion of the world’s
population living in cities
Percentage of population residing in urban areas by region, 2005 and 2030
100
Percentage of population in urban areas
90 84.3 86.7
78.3 80.7
77.6
80 72.2 73.8
70.8
70
59.9
60 54.1
48.9 50.7
50
38.3 39.8
40 2005
30 2030
20
10
0
World Africa Asia Europe Latin America North America Oceania
and the
Caribbean
Regions
It is projected that Africa will experience an increase of ______________________ percent points in

urban population from 2005 to 2030 ( projected ) .
___________________ - ___________________ = _________________

Migration
‘Migration refers to the movement

of people from one area to another
to take up residence for at least a
year.’

Migration
‘Rural-urban migration refers to

the movement of people from rural
areas into cities to live and work.’

Migration
• People migrate due to ‘push’ or ‘pull’ factors

– Push factors: The undesirable qualities of the place they wish to
leave
– Pull factors: The attractive qualities of the place they would like to
move to
• The decision to migrate is often due to a combination of both factors
Pull Push
factors factors

Migration
Promise of work
Better schooling and further education
More hospitals and doctors
Perception of exciting city life
Political stability
Lack of job opportunities

Poor educational facilities
Lack of medical attention
Famine
War

Migration
• People in rural areas often migrate to cities for job opportunities in

search of a better life
• Migrants do not always get jobs in cities
– There are a limited number of jobs for migrants
– Migrants may lack the skills required for jobs available in the
cities
• Migrants who cannot obtain a source of income cannot afford
housing
• Cities cannot build enough houses for huge numbers of migrants
quickly enough, causing them to settle in slums

High birth rates
‘Birth rate refers to the number of

live births for every 1,000 people
in a year.’

High birth rates
• High birth rates and declining death rates result in high rates of
natural increase
– Natural increase: The difference between birth rate and death rate
in a year
• Birth rates in cities may be high
– Cities tend to have a large proportion of people in their 20s and 30s
who are likely to start families ( Population Pyramid )
• The increase in population may thus lead to housing shortage

Competing land use
• Land has many uses / ( Landuse )

– Residential
– Commercial
– Industrial
– Recreational
• Land dedicated for one use will not be available for another
– Example: If a piece of land is occupied by a huge industrial park,
that plot of land will not be available for housing development.
• Stiff competition for land can result in insufficient land for housing
Learn about Singapore’s competing land use

Singapore Golf Courses

Competing Land Uses in Singapore
What is high intensity landuse?

Limited land supply
• Cities have limited land supply

• Physical features limit the
amount of land that can be used
to build housing
– Seas, rivers, mountains
Relief map of Hong Kong Steep slopes and hilly terrain in Hong Kong

Limited land supply
• The amount of flat land is limited

• Steep slopes are not ideal for housing development
– Cost of construction tends to be high
– Landslides can cause damage to buildings
• Cities with very small land areas may have insufficient land for
housing
– There is a limit to how much land can be reclaimed from the seas
• Cities with high population densities need to house more people in a
small area
– Large population size vs limited land areas

What are the consequences of housing shortage in cities?

3
What are the consequences of housing shortage in
cities?
• Homelessness
• Slums and squatter settlements
– Environmental pollution
– Low level of health due to poor living conditions
– Vulnerability

Homelessness
‘Homelessness is a lack of shelter

in which to sleep and to carry out
basic activities such as bathing.’

Homelessness
• Homeless people may find themselves in a cycle, moving back and

forth between the streets and shelters for the homeless
• Homeless people suffer from poor health because of exposure to the
cold or rain, hunger and lack of sleep
– Skin infections
– Respiratory problems
– Stress disorders
– Other illnesses

Slums and squatter settlements
• People living in slums and squatter settlements suffer negative

consequences due to their poor living environments
– Environmental pollution
– Low level of health due to poor living conditions
– Vulnerability

Let’s Try it Page 87
1(a) Differences within and outside of Kibera Slum
(b) Comment on the transport facility available to residents of Kibera slum.
Within Kibera Slum

- No facilities other than a few roads
- No recreational facilities
Outside Kivera Slum
-Facilities such as main roads, bus stops, a market, schools and a
mosque
There are recreational facilities such as golf course and sports pitch
(b) Few streets in Kibera slum. Streets are narrow with limited access
for vehicles. During fires or earthquakes, evacuation will be hampered

2. How would the health of residents be affected by
the poor living conditions of slums.
Spend 5 minutes to work out the answers with your partner

Let’s Try it ( pg 89)

Environmental pollution
‘Pollution is the introduction of

substances into the natural
environment that results in
unpleasant or damaging effects to
the environment and human
health.’

Environmental pollution
• Environmental pollution is caused by inadequate provision of basic

services
– Water pollution
○ Rivers near slum areas may become badly polluted because they
are used for washing, garbage and sewage disposal
○ Contaminants from sewage may seep into groundwater and
pollute nearby water sources such as wells
– Land pollution
○ Lack of proper garbage disposal system may lead to dumping of
garbage into open drains and areas outside the houses
○ Example: Guanabara Bay in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil is polluted as a
result of the dumping of untreated sewage from nearby slums

Low level of health due to poor living conditions
• Lack of basic services makes people more vulnerable to diseases

• Lack of access to safe drinking water may cause people to use water
from polluted rivers and contaminated wells
– Using unsafe drinking water may lead to diseases like cholera and
dysentery
• Lack of waste management facilities results in the improper disposal
of rubbish
– Results in clogged drains and sewers
– Produces breeding ground for mosquitoes
• Overcrowded conditions lead to spread of diseases

Low level of health due to poor living conditions
A garbage-filled body of water next to a slum in Delhi, India

Vulnerability
• People living in slums and squatter settlements are vulnerable to the

risk of fire, landslides and evictions
Slum houses often Injuries,

made of flammable High risk
deaths, loss
materials like
cardboard
of fires of property
Slums often Injuries,

found on steep Landslides deaths, loss
slopes of property
Slums often built Loss of

property, lack
on land without
permission from Evictions of sense of
security, social
authorities tension

Answering Techniques
PEEL – Point , Explanation, Example, Link (to question or to issues )
In the last slide, we SAW the reasons why people living in the slums
are vulnerable to the environment, through a step by step causal
effect. In exams, we are expected to use sentences to explain the
causes and effects.
We should use the PEEL method to remind us on how we can explain

the effects clearly.

Example
Using the answering technique, phrase your explanation of the

different types of risks / vulnerabilities they are faced with. ( pair up
with your partner )
Fire ( Example )
1) Point – People living in slums are vulnerable to their environment.
Explanation – the building materials used to build the huts in the
slums are highly flammable materials like Example cardboard. In the
event that a fire breaks out, (More explanations ) the huts catch fire
very easily, and the fire will spread very fast too, causing lives and
properties to be lost. Link Back Such a living condition makes the
people very vulnerable to the environment.

Slums on land without permission

Built on Steep Slopes

What are some strategies used by cities to manage
housing shortage and build inclusive homes?
3
In this section students will learn to :
• Describe and explain the strategies used by Singapore and other

cities to manage housing shortage
• Describe the strategies used by Singapore to build inclusive
homes
• Explain the challenges faced by Singaporeans and other cities to
manage housing shortage
• Respect the resilience shown by people to improve their living
conditions

Why do we need to learn about strategies to curb
housing shortage?
Remember the Consequences of Housing shortage?

How many can you think of ?
Are they the reasons why there is a need to provide solutions to curb
housing shortages?
Are you able to explain these reasons convincingly?

Can be viewed as
Long Term
Also includes
Occurs at
Can be
Space Focuses
on
element of Time
Individual understood as
different GEOGRAPHY Can be viewed as
Short Term
Local Scales Occurs Occurs
is the study of
across across
Regional
Global Interactions
between
Human realm Physical realm
Interact Interact
with with
Human realm that give rise to Physical realm
Distribution
affects
of Outcomes affects
on on
Human Societies Physical Environments

which can result in which can result in
Positive AND/OR Positive AND/OR

Negative Impact Negative Impact
that require
Management
Strategies
affects affects
to achieve
Sustainability
(?)
Essential Understandings
EU1: The study of Geography is underpinned by the interactions within and between the physical and human realms, occurring on a variety of scales and
through different times.
EU2: Interactivity promotes interdependence amongst the different components of the earth system which results in potential domino effects that will have spatial
and temporal impact.
EU3: Such interactions affect different sets of processes and outcomes that need to be managed in a sustainable way
Essential Questions
EQ1: In what ways do interactions occur within and between the physical and human realm?
EQ2: How do such interactions manifest themselves spatially and temporally and with what results?
EU3: To what extent and how would we need to manage interactions within and between the physical and human realms?
Match the strategies ( pg 90 )
1. Why might these strategies be necessary?
2. What are some possible challenges in applying these
strategies
Slum Upgrading - Improve quality of housing the slum areas
Provision of public housing units – Government’s effort to provide housing units
Provision of inclusive housing – Include facilities in slum areas

Strategies to manage housing shortage
• There are different strategies to manage housing shortage because

each city is unique and different strategies are required
• Strategies may require the partnership of stakeholders
– Governments
– Non-governmental organisations
– Private companies
– Residents
• Strategies include:
– Slum upgrading
– Provision of public housing

Slum upgrading
• Slum upgrading involves improving conditions in slum areas

– Improving the quality of housing
– Improving basic services such as water, electricity and sewerage
• Slum upgrading is carried out in many ways
– Clearing sites and providing basic infrastructure to the slum areas
– Getting residents to move out of the slums and relocate temporarily
so that basic infrastructure can be built in the slum areas
– Providing financial assistance to fund these upgrading projects

Slum upgrading
‘Self-help schemes involve the

participation of low-income
households to improve the
conditions of existing housing.’

Slum upgrading
• Governments do not provide housing directly, but provide assistance

in the form of construction materials or basic services
• Residents build the houses themselves to reduce construction costs
• Residents continue to stay in the houses while working on improving
the houses at a pace feasible for them (e.g. during their free time)
• Training often needs to be provided to equip residents with the skills
to build their houses

Slum upgrading
• Example: Rocinha Project in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

– Most of the wooden houses have been replaced with concrete
houses
– Proportion of houses with electricity has grown from 30% to 75%
– Services such as rooftop water tanks and piped water systems were
added to the houses
– Proper sanitation facilities such as toilets and sewers were also built

Slum upgrading
• Example: Slum upgrading effort Slum residents move

temporarily to an area with new
in Nairobi, Kenya (partnership housing units equipped with
between the government of services
Kenya and UN-HABITAT)
Vacated slum area would be

upgraded
Residents can return to their

original sites when upgrading is
completed
New flats built for Kibera residents under the
initiative of the Kenya slum upgrading programme
Photo: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)

Slum upgrading
Some Kibera residents welcome this

as an opportunity to improve their
living conditions
Some Kibera residents are reluctant

to participate because they are
uncertain about its success or they
face difficulties paying for the cost of
the new housing units

Provision of public housing
‘Public housing refers to

government efforts to provide
housing units with basic services,
usually for low-income households
and other persons of need such as
the elderly and disabled.’

• Characteristics of public housing:
Often reasonably
May be subsidised by
priced compared to
the government
private housing
Public housing projects

are often planned,
carried out and funded
by governments

• Public housing may be offered in the following ways:

– Old flats that can be rented at a low price
– Abandoned buildings that are converted for residential use
– New apartments that are built

• Example: Provision of public housing in Singapore

– In the 1960s and 1970s, slums and squatter settlements in
Singapore were cleared to provide higher quality housing to
residents
– The Housing Development Board (HDB) was set up in 1960 to build
and provide public housing for Singapore’s increasing population
– Singapore’s public housing programmes were a success
– The public housing programmes have evolved to address the
diverse needs of all residents

• In 2013, more than 80% of Singapore’s population lived in HDB flats
Percentage of Singapore’s population living in HDB flats

Source: HDB Annual Report (2013)

• Example: My House, My Programme in Brazil

– Provides affordable housing for low- and middle-income groups
– Reduces slum areas
• Many housing projects are undertaken across the country
• Monitoring and evaluating all the projects is challenging because
Brazil is a large country
• There are many local issues and needs of different households to be
managed

• Example: Bairro Carioca Project in Rio de Janeiro

– 2,240 apartments to house 10,000 people
– Government partnered with the private sector
– Companies hired to build the basic infrastructure of roads,
sewerage and water, and also to design and build the housing units

Inclusive housing
• Characteristics of inclusive city:

– Provides all residents with adequate housing
– Provides all residents with access to all basic services such as
transportation and recreation
– All residents, regardless of income level or age, feel a sense of
belonging and actively contribute to the community
• Singapore hopes to become an inclusive city by providing inclusive
housing

Inclusive housing
• Characteristics of inclusive housing:
Facilities and
Affordable housing
amenities for all ages
Strong sense of place

and belonging

Inclusive housing
Affordable housing
• Affordable housing is housing that is priced at a reasonable cost,

such that residents still have enough money for other basic needs
• Variety of housing types in Singapore cater to different income
groups:
Condominiums Private houses
Public housing

Inclusive housing
Affordable housing
• Different types of public housing meet the different needs of

residents:
– Studio apartments (to cater to seniors)
– Three-room flats (to cater to the needs of small families)
• Financial schemes are available to subsidise the cost of flats
– Example: Additional CPF Housing Grant (AHG)
○ Introduced in 2006 to help low-income families buy their first flat
○ Families earning not more than S$5,000 a month can qualify for a
grant of up to S$40,000 which is used to pay for the flat

Inclusive housing
Affordable housing
• Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP) promotes racial integration/harmony

– Specifies an ethnic quota for each block and public housing estate
– Neighbourhood to include people of different races
– Allows you to interact with people from diverse backgrounds

Inclusive housing
Facilities and amenities for all ages
• Inclusive housing means

having facilities and
amenities for all ages
• Some common facilities
and amenities found in
neighbourhoods:
– Retail shops
– Clinics
– Parks
• 3-Generation (3G) facilities These 3G facilities in Tiong Bahru comprise a playground, an adult
fitness corner and wellness stations for seniors.
cater to the needs of
multi-generational families

Inclusive housing
Facilities and amenities for all ages
• Facilities and amenities should

also cater to seniors
– Example: Corridors need to be
at least 1.5m wide to facilitate
access for people using mobility
aids like wheelchairs
– Example: Seniors Activity
Centres (SAC) are set up near
or below HDB rental and studio
apartment blocks A Seniors Activity Centre in Geylang Bahru. Seniors staying
nearby are encouraged to spend time at the centres as
they can interact and exercise with others.

Inclusive housing
Strong sense of place and belonging
‘A sense of place refers to the

meaning and value people attach
to a place as a result of their
experiences or the unique
characteristics of a place.’

Inclusive housing
• People may regard places with

special meaning and remember
these places fondly due to their
experience or time there
• Pleasant experiences in a place
make people more likely to
develop a sense of place and
belonging
– Example: ‘Dragon Slide’ The ‘Dragon Slide’ playground in Toa Payoh
playground

Inclusive housing
• Distinctive landmarks and physical

features allow people to recognise the
place easily
• It also helps evoke a sense of place and
belonging for the residents
– Example: Rounded balconies in Tiong
Bahru
Buildings with rounded balconies in Tiong

Bahru

Summary
• Housing is an important basic need which impacts one’s quality of

life
• With the rise in urban population, cities face problems in providing
sufficient housing for all
• The nature and extent of housing shortage varies between cities
• Cities have adopted different strategies to manage the issue of
housing shortage
• Singapore should continue to provide inclusive housing that can
cater to the changing needs of its population

Managing Housing shortage in Singapore.
Are the measures to curb housing shortage effective ?

Can you think of limitations to the measures implemented ?
Are you able to give some examples of how these measures have changed over time?
Have they been further problems that arise from these measures?
MEASURES Intended Outcome Limitations / Problems
Affordable housing For all Singaporeans to be able Over the years, some Singaporeans
to afford their own property have use HDB to make profit. This
jacks up the prices of the flats, making
some houses now very costly and less
affordable.
Inclusive Housing To provide amenities and With people staying together and
facilities to suit everyone in the enjoying the same common space, the
neighbourhood incidents of misunderstandings that
arise due to intolerance of other’s
culture and living habits can lead to
arguments among neighbours.

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All About

3 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

1. What is housing shortage?

4 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

3. What are the consequences of housing shortage in cities?

5 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

4. What are some strategies used by cities to manage housing

6 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

7 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

‘Housing shortage is present when

8 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

• Housing shortage is a situation

9 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

‘Slums and squatter settlements

10 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

• Slum and squatter settlements have

11 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

In the middle ground , the

The foreground of the

12 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

• People who live in slums and

13 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

• People in a housing shortage situation often lack access to basic

• This is often due to a lack of infrastructure

14 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

• Example: Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

– Residents illegally tap the city’s

15 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

• Example: Kibera slum, Nairobi, Kenya

Comments from Kennedy, a

16 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

- Identify the location of cities

17 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

18 Presentation Title runs here l 00/00/00

Make a guess what percentage of the

19 Presentation Title runs here l 00/00/00

20 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

• Extent of housing shortage is severe in cities of less developed

21 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

• The location of slums

22 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

Most of the slums are located on the slopes

Most of the houses in the slums are built

23 Presentation Title runs here l 00/00/00

24 Presentation Title runs here l 00/00/00

25 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

• Rapid population growth

26 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

• Rapid population growth

27 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

It is projected that Africa will experience an increase of ______________________ percent points in

28 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

‘Migration refers to the movement

29 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

‘Rural-urban migration refers to

30 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?

• People migrate due to ‘push’ or ‘pull’ factors

31 Housing: How to Provide Homes for All?