Mole concept :

  Mole  :  A mole is the collection of  any particles  like atoms , molecules , ions , electrons ,
      protons etc. which is equal in number to the number of atoms present in 1gm atom
of          C12 isotope ( I .e. 12gm of C12 isotope ) . It has been found that 12gm of carbon
contains 6.023 *  1023  carbon atoms . This number 6.023 * 1023  is called as Avogadro’s
number .Thus, one mole  is the collection of 6.023 *1023 particles such as atoms , molecules
, ions ,electrons , protons , etc.
 Signification of mole concept :  
            I  )  Mole in terms of number :
           ii )   Mole in terms of mass 
          iii)    Mole in terms of volume of gas:                                                                                        
                             
              Number of moles can be calculated as the following formulae :
          a)     n  =  wt. in gms / atomic wt.          [ In case of atoms ]
          b)     n  =  wt. in gms / molecular wt.    [ In case of molecules ]
          c)     n  =   wt. in gms / formula wt.        [ In case of ionic compounds ] 
          d)    n   =   wt. in gms / ionic wt.             [ In case of ions  ] 
          e)    n  =  given numbers / Avogadro’s no. 
          f)    n   = volume of gas at NTP / molar volume [  molar volume =  22.4 liters at NTP]  
  
 1)  The cost of per mole of sugar (C 12 H 22 O 11  ) is Rs 20 . How much a pocket of sugar
containing 2 Kg would cost ?

      Molecular mass of sugar( C 12 H 22 O 11  )  = 342 

                       1 mole of sugar  =   342 g
       Cost of 1 mole sugar  = Rs 20
      Cost of 342 g of sugar =   Rs 20
      Cost of 2000 g of sugar =  20 /342  *2000  =  Rs 116.95 Ans

  2)  Calculate the mass of following :  

   i) 4 atom of carbon           ii)  3 molecule of hydrogen

   i)   6.023 * 10 23  C atoms  =  12 g 

            4 C atoms                    =  12 / 6.023 * 1023   *4  =  7.969 * 10 -23 g 

   ii)  6.023 * 10 23    molecules of H 2  =  2 g

             3  ‘’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’  = 2 / 6.023 * 10 23      * 3   =  9.96 * 10 -24 g  

  3)  6.3 g of conc. Nitric acid is diluted by adding 68 g of pure water . How many oxygen
molecules are present in the solution ?

         For   Conc. HNO3  ,       no. of mole( n)  =  6.3 / 63  = 0.1 mole
         1 mole HNO3 contains  1.5 mole of  O  2  molecules
 0.1 mole ………  =   1.5 * 0.1 mole of O2 molecules
                                 =  0.15 *  6.023 * 10 23 O 2 molecules =       ?

        For  H2 O     ,    no. of moles (n)  =  68 / 18  =  3.777 mole 
               1 mole H2 O contains    0.5 mole of O2 molecules  
                3.777 mole ……………  =  0.5 * 3.777 mole of O2 
                                                       =  0.5 * 3.777 * 6.023 * 10 23  O 2 molecules =  ?

Oxygen molecules present in the solution  =    O2 molecules in HNO3 + O2 molecules in H2 O 

                                                                            =   ?    [  1.22 *10 24 O2  molecules ] 

  4 )   Calculate the no. of molecules of hydrogen and carbon present in 4 g of methane.

             no . Of moles of CH4 (n)  =  4/ 16  = 0.25 mole

             1 mole of CH4   contains  2 mole of H2 
              0.25 mole  ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,  = 2 * 0.25 mole of H2 
                                                     =  2 * 0.25 * 6.023 * 1023 H2 molecules   =  ?   [ 3.011 * 1023 ]

                      1 mole of CH4 contains 1 mole of C atom

                      0.25 mole  ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, = 1 * 0.25 mole of C- atom 
                                                                       = 0.25 *  6.023 *1023  C- atoms
                                                                       =   ……?     [  1.5 * 10 23 ]
 5)  Which one has higher mass and why ? 
          a)  0.5 mole of CO2  or 16 g of SO2    b)  2 g of H2   or 6.023 * 10 21 O2 molecules 

      a)     1 mole CO2  =  44 g                    b)  6.023 * 10 23 O2 molecules = 32 g  

              0.5 mole CO2 = 0.5 * 44 g              6.023 * 10 21 O2 molecules     =   ?  
                                      = 22 g                                                                            = 0.32 g
             Mass of SO2  =  16g                            Mass of H2  =   2 g        
                                              Compare ? 

  6)  A vessel containing 32 g of pure CH4  gas was partially evacuated to remove 6.023 *10 23 
    molecules of CH4 . How many gms of H2 and C are left in the vessel.
                    Given mass of CH4   =  32 g 
             no. of CH4 molecules evacuated  =  6.023 * 10 23 = 1 mole CH4  = 16 g 
            Mass of CH4 left in the vessel  =  ( 32 – 16 ) g =  16 g  =  1 mole 
       1 mole of CH4  contains 1 mole of C and 4 mole of hydrogen 
        16 g of CH4  contains   12 g of C and 4 g of hydrogen
  Mass of hydrogen left in the vessel = 4 g and mass of  C left in the vessel = 12 g    Ans .

  7)  Calculate the mass in g of :   

     a)  1 * 10 23 molecule of methane          b)  2.5 moles of Cl2   [ 2.65g and 177.5 g ]     
                                                                
8)  Which of the following has larger no of molecules and how?  7 g of nitrogen and 1 g  of 
  hydrogen.

       For nitrogen ,      28g of N2 =  1 mole of N2             For H2  ,     2g of H2  =  1 mole of H2 
                                      7 g  ‘’’’’’’’ =  0.25 mole of N2                            1 g  ‘’’’’’ = 0.5 mole of H2
    1 mole of N2 =   6.023 *1023 molecules                         1 mole of H2 = 6.023 * 
0.25 mole of N2 = 0.25 * 6.023 *10 23 molecules      0.5 mole of H2  = 0.5 * 6.023
* 10 23 ‘’’’’’’’’
                             = 1.505 * 1023 molecules                                =   3.0115 * 10 23  molecules 
                                                                       Compare ?

  9)  One atom of an element’ X’ weights 6.644  * 10 -23 g. Calculate the no. of gram atom
in 80Kg of it. 
           wt . Of 1 atom of an element  ‘X’  =  6.644 * 10 -23 g 
            ‘’’’’’’’’’  6.023 * 1023  ‘’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’   =  40.01 g
                                                                     =  40 g =   one gm atom of the element ‘X’ [ 1 mole]
                                                Atomic wt of element   ‘X’  = 40
  no. of  gm atom of element ‘X’     =   given wt of an element / atomic wt  
                                                                  =  80000 / 40  =  2000  Ans.

 10)  Calculate the mass of 120 cc of nitrogen at NTP. How many no. of molecules are present
In it .
             1 mole N2    =   28 g =  22.4 L of N2 gas at NTP  =  22400 cc of N2 gas at NTP.
                             [  0.15 g     and  3.23 * 1021 molecules]    Ans  
 11)  How many gram atoms of Sulphur and how many gram of oxygen are needed to prepare
6.023 * 10 24 molecules of SO2 ?

 no. of molecules of SO2=  6.023 *10 24 ,    (n) =   6.023 *1024   /  6.023 * 10 23  =  10 mole

   Formula of SO2 shows that , 

        1 mole of SO2 contains 1 mole of S and 2 mole of O atoms 
         1 ‘’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ 1 gram atom of S and  2 * 16 g of oxygen
    10 mole ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 ‘’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ and   10 * 32 ‘’’’’’’’’’’’’ 
                                   =  10 gram atom of S  and   320 g of oxygen .  

12) What wt . Of Na will contain the same no . Of atoms are present in 1.2 g  of carbon .  
                    12 g of C  =  1 mole =  6.023 * 1023 C atoms  
                      1.2g of C                  = 6.023 * 1023 / 12  * 1.2  = 6.023 * 1022 C atoms 
                   Atomic wt. of Na = 23 amu
  Now ,      6.023 * 1023 atoms of Na =  23 g 
                  6.023 * 1022 atoms of Na =   2.3 g
  2.3 g of Na will contain the same no. of atoms are present in 1.2 g of C 12 .

 13) How many no. of gold atoms  are present in 0.6 g of 18 carat gold . The 24 carat gold is
taken as 100% pure gold . ( atomic wt. of gold = 197) . 
                                       [   1.3756 * 1021  ]
14) Calculate the mass of water having the same no. of hydrogen atoms are present in
32 g of CH4 .
Given mass of CH4 = 32g
Molecular mass of CH4 = 16 , no. of moles of CH4 (n) = 32 / 16 = 2moles

Now , 1 mole of CH4 contains 4 mole of H atoms

2 mole ‘’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’ 2 * 4 of H atoms
= 8 * 6.023 * 1023 H atoms
= 4.818 * 1024 H atoms

Again , 1 mole H2 O = 18 g
1 mole H2 O contains 2 mole H atoms.
2 mole H atoms are present in 1 mole of H2 O
2 * 6.023 * 1023 H atoms are present in 18 g of H2 O
4.818 * 6.023 * 1024 H atoms are present = 71.994 g = 72 g Ans

15) Which of the following gases has greatest no . of hydrogen molecule ?

9 g of CH4 or 10 g of NH3
16) 6g of an element X combine with 16 g of element y to give 0.5 mole of a compound
XY. What is the molecular mass of XY.
0.5 mole of XY = 22g Or 1 mole of XY = 44 g = gm molecular mass of XY.
 Empirical and Molecular formula :

1) Empirical formula :

The empirical formula of a compound is the simplest formula that

shows the simplest whole number ratio of the different atoms
present in one molecule of the compound . For e. g. the empirical
formula of benzene is CH , hydrogen peroxide is HO and that of
glucose is CH2O . It is not the true formula of the compound .

The following steps are used in the determination of empirical

formula of a compound :

i) Determine the percentage composition of each element in the

compound by chemical analysis .
ii) If the sum of % of the given element is not equal to 100% then
the remaining % will be the percentage of oxygen .

iii) Divide the percentage of each element by it’s atomic weight

to get relative moles of atoms .

iv) Divide each relative mole by the smallest value among them
to get the simplest ratio of moles .
v) If the value’s of simplest ratio of moles is in whole number,
the empirical formula is determined . But, if it is not in whole
number , all should be multiplied by a suitable integer to make
the values in whole numbers and gives the simplest whole number

ratio .
vi) Determine empirical formula .
Numerical For Integrated numerical book
 Molecular formula:

The molecular formula of a compound is it’s true formula written

in terms of the symbol of it’s constituent elements and it indicates
the actual number of atoms of various elements present in one
molecule of the compound . For e.g. molecular formula of benzene is
C6H6 , hydrogen peroxide is H2O2 and that of glucose is C6H12O6 .

The molecular formula of a compound may be the same as it’s

empirical formula . In some cases, it may be an integral multiple of
it’s empirical formula .

Molecular formula = ( Empirical formula ) * n

Where , n = 1 , 2 , 3 ….. etc .

n = Molecular formula weight / Empirical formula weight

 The following steps are used in the determination of molecular
formula of a compound :

i) Determine the empirical formula of the compound as outlined

above .

ii) Determine the empirical formula weight .

iii) Determine molecular weight .

a) If vapour density of the compound is given then, molecular

weight is calculated as ,

Molecular weight = 2 * Vapour density

iv) Find the value of the integer ‘ n ’

 n = Molecular formula weight / Empirical formula weight

Where , n = 1 , 2 , 3 ….. etc .

v) Determine the molecular formula by the following relation ,

i. e. Molecular formula = (empirical formula ) * n

Numerical For Integrated numerical book .

            Avogadro’s hypothesis  ( Avogadro’s law )  

                It states that ‘’ Under similar conditions of temperature and 

    pressure ,  equal volume of all gases contain same number of 
 molecules  or no. of moles’’ .  

                                          V  α  n    ( at constant  T and  P )

          Where  V  =  Volume of  gas   ,  n  =  no . of moles .

 It has been found experimentally that one mole of every gas
contains a constant number of molecules which is equal to  6.023 *
10 23  and this no. is called Avogadro’s number  ( NA ) . Also the volume
of 1 mole of any gas is 22.4 litres at NTP.  

                     
 Application of Avogadro’s hypothesis :

1 ) It helps to determine the relationship between molecular

weight and vapour density of the gas .

2) It helps to determine the relationship between molar mass and

molar volume of gas . [ Mass – volume relationship of gas ]

3) It helps in the determination of atomicity of elementary gases .

4) It helps to determine the molecular formula of a gas from it’s

volumetric composition .

5) It helps to determine the relationship between molecular mass

and no. of particles .
 ### Derive the relationship between molecular mass and vapour
density of gas .

OR Show that , Molecular mass of gas = 2 * Vapour density .

Vapour density : It is defined as the ratio of mass of certain volume

of gas to the mass of same volume of hydrogen gas at the same
temperature and pressure.
[ Or It is defined as the no. which shows by how many times of
a certain volume of vapour of the gas is heavier than the same
volume of hydrogen gas at the same temperature and pressure ] .
Mathematically ,
Vapour density = Mass of certain volume of gas [ At same T & P]
Mass of same volume of hydrogen gas

Let V be the volume of gas.

 V. D. = Mass of ’ V ‘ volume of gas / Mass of ’ V ‘ volume of
hydrogen gas

By applying Avogadro’s hypotheis , V volumes of any gas at same

temperature and pressure contain n no. molecules .

V. D. = Mass of n molecules of gas / Mass of n molecules of

hydrogen gas
For n = 1

V. D. = Mass of 1 molecule of gas / Mass of 1 molecule of hydrogen

gas

V. D. = Mass of 1 molecule of gas / Mass of 2 atoms of hydrogen

V. D. = Mass of 1 molecule of gas / 2 * Mass of 1 atom of
hydrogen
------------------- ( i )

Molecular mass of gas : It is defined as the ratio of mass of one

molecule of the gas to the mass of one atom of hydrogen at same
temperature and pressure .
Mathematically ,

Molecular mass of gas = Mass of one molecule of the gas / Mass

of one atom of hydrogen
------------------ ( ii )
[ at same T and P ]
From eqn . ( i ) and ( ii ) , we get,

V . D . = 1 /2 * Molecular mass of the gas

Or Molecular mass of gas = 2 * V . D .

### Derive the relationship between molar mass and molar

volume of gas .
Or Show that ,
Gram molecular mass of gas = 22.4 litres of gas at NTP .
Solution ,
We have , Molecular mass of gas = 2 * Vapour density .

By the definition of vapour density ,

Molecular mass of gas = 2 * Mass of certain volume of gas

mass of same volume of H2 gas
[ at same T and P ]
Let us take 1 litre of each gas at NTP .

Molecular mass of gas = 2 * Mass of one litre of the gas at NTP

mass of one litre of hydrogen gas at NTP

According to mole concept , 1 mole of H2 gas = 2 g

1 mole of H2 gas = 22.4 L at NTP .

Mass of 1 L of H2 gas at NTP = 2 / 22.4 g = 0.089 g

Or , Molecular mass of gas = 2 * Mass of one litre of the gas at NTP

0.089 gm
Molecular mass of gas in gm = 22.4 * Mass of 1 litre of gas at NTP

Molecular mass of gas in gm = Mass of 22.4 litres of gas at NTP

Hence, 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 litres at NTP . This

means molar volume of any gas at NTP = 22.4 Litres.

### Find the atomicity of oxygen gas.

Solution ,

Experimentally , it has been found that 2 volumes of hydrogen reacts

with 1 volume of oxygen to form 2 volumes of water .

2 Volumes of + 1 Volume of ------------ 2 Volumes

hydrogen oxygen of water
 By applying Avogadro’s hypothesis ,
Equal volume of all gases contain same number of molecules at
same temperature and pressure.

Let ‘n’ be the no. of molecules in 1 volume of gas .

2 n molecules + n molecules -------- 2 n molecules

of hydrogen of oxygen of water

For n = 1

2 molecules + 1 molecule -------- 2 molecules

of hydrogen of oxygen of water

1 molecule + 1/2 molecule -------- 1 molecule

of hydrogen of oxygen of water
 Thus , one molecule of water contains one molecule of hydrogen
and 1 / 2 molecule of oxygen . The molecular weight of water has
been found to be 18 a.m.u. and molecular wt. of hydrogen is 2
a.m.u. Hence, the wt. of oxygen in a molecule of water is ( 18 – 2 )
= 16 a.m.u. which is the atomic wt. of oxygen . This means 1molec-

ule of water contains 1 atom of oxygen which is coming from 1/2

molecule of oxygen.

i. e. 1/2 molecule of oxygen = 1 atom of oxygen

1 molecule of oxygen = 2 atoms of oxygen

Thus , oxygen molecule is diatomic and atomicity of oxygen is two.

### Determine the molecular formula of ammonia

Experimentally , it has been found that 1 volume of nitrogen gas

reacts with 3 volumes of hydrogen gas to form 2 volumes of
ammonia.

1 Volume of + 3 Volume’s of ------------ 2 Volumes of

nitrogen hydrogen ammonia

By applying Avogadro’s hypothesis,

n molecules of + 3 n molecules of ------ 2 n molecules of

nitrogen hydrogen ammonia
1 molecule of 3 molecules of 2 molecules of
nitrogen hydrogen ammonia
1/2 molecule of 3/2 molecules of 1 molecule of
nitrogen hydrogen ammonia
1 atom of nitrogen + 3 atoms of hydrogen ------ 1 molecule of

ammonia

Thus , 1 molecule of ammonia contains 1 atom of nitrogen and 3

atoms of hydrogen . So , the empirical formula of ammonia is NH3 .

Now , empirical formula wt. of ammonia = 17 amu .

The molecular weight of ammonia is found to be 17 amu .

We know that, n = Molecular wt. / Empirical wt. = 17 / 17 = 1

Molecular formula = ( Empirical formula ) * n

= ( NH3 ) * 1 = NH3
### Derive the relationship between molecular mass and no. of
particles . [ Deduction of Avogadro’s number ].

It is deduced from Avogadro’s law that 1 gm molecular mass of

ideal gases occupies 22.4 L at NTP. This volume is known as molar
volume.
Avogadro’s hypothesis states that equal volume of all gases
contain same no. of molecules at the same temperature and
pressure i. e. a molar volume contains same no. of molecules and
this constant no. is Avogadro’s number .

Consider H2 gas to deduce this number. Molecular mass of H2 = 2

amu. and 1 gm molecular mass of H2 = 2 gm .

Let W be the mass of H atom and 2 W be the mass of H2 molecule .

 I. e. 2 W gm contain 1 molecule of H2

2 gm contain 1 / W molecule of H2

I.e. 1 gm molecule of H2 (1mole ) contains 1/ W molecules of

H2 and it is constant number not only for H2 but for all gases .

This constant no. of molecules is Avogadro no. , which is

calculated as .

1/ W = 1/ 1.66 * 10 - 24 = 6.023 * 10 23

i. e. molar volume or 1 gm mole of any gas contains Avogadro’s

no. ( 6.023 * 10 23 particles ).
 Daltons atomic theory :
The postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory are as follows ,

1) Every matter is composed of extremely small, indivisible ,

discrete particles called atoms .
2) Atoms cannot be created or destroyed by any chemical
process.
3) Atoms of the same elements are identical in all respects.

4) Atoms of different elements have different masses and

different properties.
5) Two or more atoms combine in a simple whole no. ratio to
form a compound atom .(Compound atom is called molecule
nowadays ).
6) The compound atoms of a compound are identical in all
respects.