MITOCHONDRIA

AND PLASMID

GROUP-3
 MITOCHONDRIA
 Are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate
most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions.
Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule
called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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  Ribosomes -mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) perform protein
synthesis inside mitochondria, the organelles responsible for energy
conversion and adenosine triphosphate production in eukaryotic cells.

 Matrix -the mitochondrial matrix is a viscous fluid that contains a mixture of

enzymes and proteins. The enzymes present in the matrix play an important
role in the synthesis of ATP molecules.

 Porins -mitochondrial porins have been isolated from a variety of eukaryotic

cells. They are basic proteins with molecular masses between 30 and 35 kDa

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 FUNCTION OF MITOCHONDRIA
 Production of ATP - atp can be used store energy for future reactions or be
withdrawn to pay for reactions when energy is required for the cell

 Calcium homeostasis - mitochondrial calcium exchange is the flow of

calcium in and out of a cell's mitochondria, a process important in
metabolic regulation and cell death (offered protection against heart failure
progression)

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  Regulation of Innate immunity -innate immunity is the in-born system that
recognizes and responds to infection by pathogens, providing immediate, non-
specific defends (in this case) mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein
(MAVS) - plays a key role in the innate response to viral infection.

 Programmed cell death -apoptosis is the highly controlled process of

programmed cell death, which is used by multicellular organism in a number
of biological processes like the removal of a damaged cell.

 Stem cell regulation -stem cells are the cells that develops into blood brain
bones. To repair, restore, replace, and regenerate them.

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 PLASMID
 A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct
from a cell's chromosomal DNA. Often, the genes carried in plasmids provide
bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.
 PARTS
 Plasmids contain three components: an origin of replication, a polylinker to
clone the gene of interest (called multiple cloning site where the restriction
enzymes cleave), and an antibiotic resistance gene (selectable marker).
Plasmids are usually isolated before they are used in recombinant techniques.

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 TYPES OF PLASMID
 Col plasmids -include genes that code for bacteriocins which are proteins that
kill bacteria.

 Resistance plasmids - carry one or more antibiotic resistance genes.

 Virulence plasmids - they help bacteria infect human, animal, and plants.

 Degradative plasmids -help the host bacterium to digest compounds that are
not commonly found in nature.

 Fertility plasmids / F plasmids - contains transfer genes that allow genesto be

transferred from one bacteria to another through conjugation.
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SO MUCH.