SOIL NAILING

21LBECE018
K.SUBASH
SOIL
NAILI
NG
 INTRODUCTION

• Soil nailing is a technique used to reinforce and strengthen existing ground.

• Soil nailing consists of installing closely spaced bars into a slope or excavation as construction proceeds from
top down.

• It is an effective and economical method of constructing retaining wall for excavation support, support of hill
cuts, bridge abutments and high ways.

• This process is effective in cohesive soil, broken rock, shale or fixed face conditions.
 ORIGINS

• Soil nailing evolved from the New Austrian Tunneling method which is a system for underground
excavations in rock.
• This concept of combining passive steel reinforcement and shotcrete has also been applied to the
stabilization of rock slopes since the early 1960s.
• The first application of soil nailing was implemented in 1972 for a railroad widening project near
Versailles, France.
• The technique included installing high-density, grouted soil nails into a 60-ft.-high wall and facing
it with reinforced concrete.
• The United States first used soil nailing in 1976 for the support of a 13.7 m deep foundation
excavation in dense silty sands.
 APPLICATIONS

• Stabilization of railroad and highway cut slopes

• Excavation retaining structures in urban areas for high-rise building and underground facilities

• Tunnel portals in steep and unstable stratified slopes

• construction and retrofitting of bridge abutments with complex boundaries involving wall support under piled foundations

• Stabilizing steep cuttings to maximize development space.

• The stabilizing of existing over-steep embankments.

• Soil Nailing through existing concrete or masonry structures such as failing retaining walls and bridge abutments to provide long term
stability without demolition and rebuild costs.

• Temporary support can be provided to excavations without the need for bulky and intrusive scaffold type temporary works solutions.
 NAILS

• Driven Nails

• Grouted Nails

• Corrosion Protected Nails

• Jet grouted Nails

• Launched Nails
 DRIVEN NAILS

• Generally small-diameter nails (15-46 mm) with a relatively limited length (to about 20 m)
made of mild steel (about 50 ksi) that are closely spaced in the wall (two to four nails per
square meter).

• Nails with an axial channel can be used to permit the addition of grout sealing.

• Driven nails are the quickest (four to six per hour) and most economical to install (with a
pneumatic or hydraulic hammer).
 GROUTED NAILS

• Steel bars, with diameters ranging from 15 to 46 mm, stronger than driven nails (about 60 ksi).

• Grouted nails are inserted into boreholes of 10-15 cm and then cement-grouted.

• Ribbed bars are also used to increase soil adhesion.

• Corrosion-protected nails

• For aggressive soils as well as for permanent structures.

 JET-GROUTED NAILS

• A composite of grouted soil and a central steel rod, up to 40 cm thick.

• Nails are installed using a high-frequency vibro percussion hammer, and cement grouting
is injected during installation.

• This method has been shown to increase the pullout resistance of the composite, and the
nails are corrosion-resistant.
 LAUNCHED NAILS

• Nails between 25 and 38 mm in diameter and up to 6 m or longer are fired directly into
the soil with a compressed-air launcher.

• Used primarily for slope stabilization.

• This technique involves the least site disturbance.

Typical soil nail wall arrangement
 DESIGN

• After a preliminary analysis of the site, initial designs of the soil nail wall can be begin.
• This begins with a selection of limit states and design approaches.
• The two most common limit states used in soil nail wall design is strength limit and
service limit states.
 MACHINERIES USED FOR SOIL NAILING

• Drilling Equipments

• Grout Mixing Equipments

• Shotcreting / Guniting Equipments

• Compressor
 DRILLING EQUIPMENT

• Rotary air-flushed and water-flushed

• Down-the-hole hammer

• Tri-cone bit

• It is important to procure drilling equipment with sufficient power and rigid drill rods.
 GROUT MIXING EQUIPMENT

• In order to produce uniform grout mix, high speed shear colloidal mixer should be
considered.

• Powerful grout pump is essential for uninterrupted delivery of grout mix.

• If fine aggregate is used as filler for economy, special grout pump shall be used.
 COMPRESSOR

• The compressor shall have minimum capacity to delivered shotcrete at the minimum rate
of 9m3/min.

• Sometimes, the noise of compressor can be an issue if the work is at close proximity to
residential area, hospital and school.
Typical soil nail head plate and shotcrete details
 ADVANTAGES

• With the right soil and site conditions, a rapid and economical means of constructing earth
retention support systems and retaining walls.
• Creates less noise and traffic obstructions.
• Less impact on nearby properties
• Allow in-situ strengthening on existing slope surface with minimum excavation and backfilling,
particularly very suitable for uphill widening, thus environmental friendly.
• Allow excellent working space in front of the excavation face,
• Can be used for strengthening of either natural slope, natural or man- made cut slopes,
• Grouting only once is required, saving time and labor.
• The technique is flexible, easily modified.
 DISADVANTAGES

• Nail encroachment to retained ground rendering unusable underground space,

• Generally larger lateral soil strain during removal of lateral support and ground surface cracking may appear,

• Tendency of high ground loss due to drilling technique, particularly at course grained soil,

• Less suitable for course grained soil and soft clayey soil, which have short self support time, and soils prone to
creeping,

• Suitable only for excavation above groundwater

 CONCLUSION

Soil nailing is an accepted technology, the theoretical aspects of which are well understood
and well reported in technical literature.
However, research indicates that there are few practical guidelines available that offer a
comprehensive, experience-based insight into the construction considerations that should be
addressed before a soil nail system design is finalized and implemented.
THANK YOU