STUDY SECTION 1 (p.

6)
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Kad elektroni velikom brzinom udare u površinu
metala, oni predaju svoju kinetičku energiju
elektronima u neposrednoj blizini i oni elektroni koji
prime dovoljno energije mogu napustiti površinu
metala.

When high-speed electrons strike a metal surface they

give up their kinetic energy to the electrons in the
immediate vicinity, and those receiving sufficient
energy may escape.
Elektroni koji se oslobađaju na taj način nazivaju se
elektronima sekundarne emisije, budući da moraju
postojati primarni elektroni iz kojega drugog izvora
kako bi bombardirali površinu koja emitira
sekundarne elektrone.

The electrons released in this way are known as

secondary-emission electrons, since primary
electrons from some other emitter must be available
to bombard the secondary electron emitting surface.
1. SPECIFIC TERMINOLOGY: ______________
2. WORDS, OTHER THAN TERMS, USED IN
SCIENTIFIC LEXIS: _______________
3. MULTIWORD LEXICAL UNITS: ____________
4. PASSIVE: ____________
5. PARTICIPLES REPLACING RELATIVE CLAUSES:
______________________________
1. SPECIFIC TERMINOLOGY: electron, energy,
emission, emitter
2. WORDS, OTHER THAN TERMS, USED IN
SCIENTIFIC LEXIS: high-speed, immediate
vicinity, sufficient
3. MULTIWORD LEXICAL UNITS: high-speed
electrons, metal surface, secondary-emission
electrons, secondary electron emitting surface
4. PASSIVE: the electrons...are known...; they
must be available
5. PARTICIPLES REPLACING RELATIVE CLAUSES:
receiving, released, emitting
 Exercise 8 (p. 7)
Translate!
Elektrotehnika se bavi izvedbom, analizom i
radom električnih uređaja i sustava.

Electrical engineering deals with the design,

analysis and operation of electrical devices
and systems.
Naziv “elektrotehnika” ušao je u opću uporabu
koncem 19. stoljeća kada je napredak fizikalne i
elektrotehničke znanosti doveo do široke
praktične primjene elektriciteta.

The term electrical engineering came into general

use at the end of the 19th century when
progress in physics and electrical science resulted
in widespread practical applications of electricity.
Utemeljitelji elektrotehničke znanosti su fizičari i
matematičari poput Ampera, Faradaya, Gaussa i
Maxwella, čije su teorije s vremenom dovele do
elektromotora i svjetiljke sa žarnom niti.

The founders of electrical science were physicists and

mathematicians such as Ampere, Faraday, Gauss,
and Maxwell, whose theories eventually led to the
electric motor and the incandescent lamp.
Praktični problemi proizvodnje i raspodjele električne
struje postali su područje elektroinženjera, a engleski
naziv dobro opisuje zadaću opsluživanja “stroja”, a u
ovom slučaju električnog stroja poput dinama i
motora.

The practical problem of generating and distributing

electricity became the province of the electrical
engineer and the term well describes the task of
tending the “engine”, in this case an electrical engine
such as the dynamo and the motor.

*A dynamo is an electrical generator that creates direct

current using a commutator.
 UNIT 2: ELECTROMAGNETISM (p. 8)

1. How would you define electromagnetism?

2. Name some devices or phenomena based on
effects of electromagnetism.
3. Who were the greatest scientists dealing with
electromagnetic theory?
4. How did electromagnetic theory develop
over the years?
• underlie (l. 1) = ležati u osnovi čega

• wiggle (l. 2) = titranje

• X-rays (l. 2) = rendgenske snimke

• encounter (l. 3) = susret

• exert (l. 5) = utjecati

• generated (l. 7) = stvoren(e)

• concieve (l. 9) = osmisliti

• equation (l. 10) = jednadžba

 objasniti, razjasniti
• account(ed) for... (l. 11) =
potvrditi
• verify (l. 13) =
riješiti problem, dati odgovor na
• settle the issue (l. 14) = pitanje

• take matters further (l. 15) = napraviti iskorak

• streams of wave-packets (l. 17-8) = tokovi valnih paketa

• most notably (l. 15) = najistaknutiji

• most recently (l. 20) = u zadnje vrijeme

• provide sb with sth (l. 20) = pružiti nekome nešto

odbijati
• repel (l. 22) =
 Exercise 2 (p. 9)
1. James Maxwell conceived his electromagnetic
theory of light in 1864. It accounted for all the
known phenomena and predicted that
oscillating electric currents would produce
electromagnetic waves travelling at the speed
of light.

2. Heinrich Hertz’s 1887 experiments verified

Maxwell’s predictions.
3. Albert Einstein.

4. The generation and absorption of light is best

described in terms of streams of wave-packets, or
photons, each of which contains an amount of
energy precisely related to its frequency.

5. Quantum electrodynamics proves that charged

particles repel (and attract) one another by the
constant exchange of virtual photons.
 Exercise 3 (p. 9-10)
1. electromagnetism

2. electromagnetic wave

3. quantum electrodynamics

4. quantum mechanics
 Exercise 4 (p. 10)
1. Electromagnetism effects are applied not only in
communications, but also in particle
accelerators.

2. Electricity is used not only for the benefit of

mankind, but it can also become a threat.

3. In future, machines will not only perform our

ordinary chores, but also make highly complex
decisions.
 Exercise 5 (p. 11)
Representation of a particle by a wave is
facilitated by the Schrodinger wave equation,
which can be used to derive the wave as a
function of position and time for any particle
whose potential energy is known at each
position.
 Exercise 5 (p. 11)
The Schrodinger equation, combined with the
application of known physical laws for the
potential energy, has provided explanations for
an impressive variety of previously mysterious
phenomena involving atomic spectra, the
behavior of particles in magnetic fields, alpha
particle emission by atomic nuclei, the
temperature dependence of the conductivity
of metals, the tunneling of electrons through
insulating barriers, and many others.
 Exercise 5 (p. 11)
Quantum mechanical calculations have
described in precise detail previously
undreamed of phenomena, and thus provided
the basis for the invention and development
of immensely valuable devices.