Outline

1.Basic concepts and terms

2. The connection scheme of the three-phase generator.
3. The compound phase load star.

Glossary
Three-phase circuit - a set of three-phase system emf, three-
phase load and connecting wires.
         Three Phase Generator - Generator with three windings
generates three sinusoidal emf having the same amplitude and
frequency but shifted in phase relative to each other at an angle
of 120 degrees.
Phase - this concept in electrical engineering has two
meanings: the first - the argument sinusoidal varying quantities,
the second - part of the three-phase circuit, the circuit taken
separately with its source and the load. 1
 Basic concepts and terms
Three-phase circuit is a set of three-phase electric
circuit, which operates in the same sinusoidal emf
amplitude and the frequency generated by a common
energy source in space but shifted in phase by 120.
Each of the identical circuits called phase.
          Thus, the term "phase" in electrical engineering
has two meanings: the first - the argument
sinusoidally varying quantities, the second - part of
the three-phase circuit.
           A three-phase circuit consists of three main
elements: a three-phase generator, power lines and
receivers (consumers).
2
 Three-phase EMF generated at the power plants at the
terminals of the three-phase synchronous generator.
          Cross-section of a three-phase generator is shown
in figure 1

Fig. 1 3
 Synchronous generator consists of two main parts: a fixed
stator and a rotating rotor. On the stator winding is
composed of coils or three phases. The axes of the coils
are shifted from each other by the same angle 1200.
Starting phase denoted by capital letters A, B, C, and the
ends of the phases: X, Y, Z.
         The rotor is an electromagnet excited by a direct
current. When the rotor turbine c of constant frequency
generated magnetic field excites them into fixed stator
windings sinusoidal electromotive force having the same
amplitude and frequency but shifted in phase relative to
each other at an angle of 1200. This system is called a
symmetric EMF.

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 If EMF of one phase, for example, A-X to take
the starting and consider it the initial phase of
zero, the instantaneous values of electromotive
force can be written as:

eA=Em sinωt ;
eB=Em sin (ωt – 1200) ;

eС=Em sin (ωt – 2400)=

=E sin (ωt + 120 ) . 0 5

The graphs of instantaneous values of voltage
can be represented as follows:

6
Obviously, at any given time eA+ eB+ eC = 0

The equivalent circuit of the three-phase stator

winding of the generator is of the form

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Complex EMF will be determined by the
following expressions

E A  E;

 j120
EB  E e ;

 j 240 j120
EC  E  e  E e . 8
The vector diagram of a three-phase EMF
looks

9
 At any given time the vector sum

  
E A  E B  EC  0
The vector diagram shows that the phase
and the phase lags behind the phase of the
FB f C of Iz a phase rotation ABC called
direct phase sequence and phase rotation
FSV - feedback.
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 Schematics of three-phase windings of the
generator.
Phase three-phase windings of the generator can
be connected in a star "Y" or a triangle "Δ"

Точка N называется нулевой или нейтральной. 11

There are phase EA, EB, EC b linear EEB, EBC,
ECA EMF that involve expressions

  
E AB  E A  E B ,
  
E BC  E B  E C ,
  
E CA  E C  E A . 12
 In a symmetric system

  
E AB  E BC  E CA  0
The relationship between the phase and line
EMF is of the form

E л  3 Eф
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Receivers electrical energy can be
coupled star and delta. Normally, set
the value of the line voltage source.
The standard range provides line
voltages: 220, 380, 660 B.

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 Connection phase load star.

If we connect the ends of the phase

generator and load ends of the phases in a
common point, three-phase four-wire we get
the system of star connection. Wires
connecting the generator to the load is called
linear. The wire connecting the neutral points
of the source and the load is called neutral.

15
 If the resistance of the connecting wires and
the source impedance is small and can be
neglected, the EMF equal to the voltage.
These stresses are called phase voltages.

     
EA  U A ; EВ  U В ; EС  UС .

     
U A  Ua ; U В  Ub ; UС  Uc .
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   
UАВ, UВС , UСА  линейные напряжения
linear voltage


j 0
UА  UФ е  UФ

 j120 
UB  UФ е
 
j120
UC  UФ е
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Four-wire three-phase circuit
It has the following form

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IA, IB , IC  линейные
line current токи

Iа, Iв , Ic  фазные токи

phase current

Iл  Iф , U a  U A , U b  U B , U c  U C
IN  ток
currentнейтрально
neutral wire го провода
Согласно I зfirst
According to the .к. law
следует , что
of Kirchhoff
      
IN  I AI BI C  I aI вI с
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Vector diagram of voltages

20
The vector diagram shows that:


j 30 0
U AB  U  e
 0
 j 90
U BC  U  e
 0
j 150
U CA  U  e
  
U AB  U BC  U CA  0 21
 The load in the three-phase circuit can be
symmetrical when Za = Zb = Zc = Z = zej or
the following two conditions:

1. z a=z b=z c - равномерная

Equable load нагрузка;
2. a=b=c - uniform load
.
Load - unbalanced, if not met, at least one of
these two conditions.
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Let the symmetric load and the following
conditions:

Ra  Rb  Rc  R
 a  b  c  0
if the load is purely active.
Voltage and current are in phase.

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To construct a vector diagram of voltages
and currents we calculate currents

 Ua U
Ia    I
Za Ra
 0
 j 120
 U b Ue  j 120 0
Ib    I e
R R

 Uc j 120 0
Ic   I e
R
   
Ia Ib Ic  IN 24
25
 Unbalanced load

RA > RB > RC
А= B= C= = 0

 Ua U
Ia    Ia
Za Ra
 0
 j 120
 Ub Ue  j 120 0
Ib    Ibe
Rb Rb

 Uc j 120 0
Ic   Ice
Rc 26
27
With symmetrical load IN = 0, the neutral wire
is not needed.
When asymmetrical load current in the
neutral wire is not zero and the neutral wire is
needed. Therefore, the neutral conductor must
be reliable.

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