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Alkenes 1
Alkenes 1
Alkenes 1
Alkenes
CnH2n “unsaturated” hydrocarbons
C2H4 ethylene
H H
Functional group = carbon-carbon double bond
C C
sp2 hybridization => flat, 120o bond angles
H H
σ bond & π bond => H2C=CH2
CH3
CH3CH=CHCH3 CH3C=CH2
β-butylene isobutylene
2-butene 2-methylpropene
there are two 2-butenes:
H H H CH3
C C C C
H3C CH3 H3C H
cis-2-butene trans-2-butene
Importance:
common group in biological molecules
starting material for synthesis of many plastics
Syntheses, alkenes
1. Dehalogenation of vicinal dihalides
| | | |
—C—C— + Zn —C=C— + ZnX2
| |
X X
eg.
CH3CH2CHCH2 + Zn CH3CH2CH=CH2 + ZnBr2
Br Br
Not generally useful as vicinal dihalides are usually made
from alkenes. May be used to “protect” a carbon-carbon
double bond.
2. Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides
| | | |
—C—C— + KOH(alc.) —C=C— + KX + H 2O
| |
H X
W
RDS
C C C C + H:base + :W
H
base:
One step
CH3CHCH3 + KOH(alc) CH3CH=CH2
Br
isopropyl bromide
CH3 CH3
CH3CCH3 or CH3CHCH2-X + KOH(alc) → isobutylene
X
KOH(alc) + ? → 2-methyl-2-butene
Saytzeff orientation:
Ease of formation of alkenes:
R2C=CR2 > R2C=CHR > R2C=CH2, RCH=CHR > RCH=CH2 > CH2=CH2
Stability of alkenes:
R2C=CR2 > R2C=CHR > R2C=CH2, RCH=CHR > RCH=CH2 > CH2=CH2
CH3 CH3
CH3CCH3 CH=CCH3 9 adj. H’s & most stable
X alkene
Elimination unimolecular E1
RDS
1) C C C C + :W
H W H
-H
2) C C C C
H
2. dehydration of alcohols:
| | | |
— C — C — acid, heat — C = C — + H2O
| |
H OH
1) C C + H C C
H OH H OH2
RDS
2) C C C C + H2O
H OH2 H
3) C C C C + H
H
CH3CH2-OH + 95% H2SO4, 170oC CH2=CH2
CH3 CH3
CH3CCH3 + 20% H2SO4, 85-90oC CH3C=CH2
OH
+ CH3CH=CHCH3
Synthesis of 1-butene from 1-butanol:
SN2 E2 KOH(alc)
CH3CH2CH=CH2
only!
To avoid the rearrangement in the dehydration of the alcohol the alcohol is first
converted into an alkyl halide.
3. Witting Reaction
Aldehydes and ketones react with phosphorus ylides to yield
alkenes and triphenyl phosphine oxide
Example
Reaction mechanism
Alkene Triphenylphosphine
Oxaphopsphetane
Oxide
Brain Games
Chemical properties
Reactivity of C=C
• Electrons in pi bond are loosely held.
• Electrophiles are attracted to the pi electrons.
• Carbocation intermediate forms.
• Nucleophile adds to the carbocation.
• Net result is addition to the double bond.
1. Hydrogenation
Addition of hydrogen in the presence of catalysts
Alkenes shows addition reaction
Electrophilic Addition
• Step 1: Pi electrons attack the electrophile.
E
+
C C + E C C +
E E Nuc
_
C C + + Nuc: C C
=>
Free Radical Initiation
• Initiation
heat
R O O R R O + O R
• Propagation
R O + H Br R O H + Br
• Termination
CH3 CH3
_
CH3 C CH CH3 CH3 C CH CH3 + Br
+
H
H Br
CH3 CH3
CH3 C CH CH3 CH3 C CH CH3
+
H Br H
_
Br
Markovnikov and Anti-
Markovnikov additions
Anti-Markovnikov
additions
CH3
CH3 C CH CH3
CH3 xide Br
E p-o
CH3 C CH CH3 + Br CH3
CH3 C CH CH3
Br
Markovnikov additions
2. Hydration of Alkenes
+ H OH
H
C C + H2O C C
alkene
alcohol
H
+
H H O H
+
C C + H2O C C
H
+ H
H O H H O
+
C C + H2O C C + H3O
Oxidative cleavage of Alkenes
Mechanism OH
C C
+ H O
H3O OH
O H
O
C C C C C C
O
H2O H H H2O
Cleavage with MnO4-
H CH3
H CH3 KMnO4
C C H3C C C CH3
CH3 CH3 (warm, conc.)
OH OH
H CH3
H3C C + C CH3
O O
OH
H3C C
O
Ozonolysis
O
H CH3 O3 H CH3
C C C C
CH3 CH3 O O
H3C CH3
Ozonide
H O
(CH3)2S CH3
C O O C + CH3 S CH3
H3C CH3
DMSO