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Anaerobic Endosymbiont Generates Energy For Ciliate Host by Denitrification
Anaerobic Endosymbiont Generates Energy For Ciliate Host by Denitrification
Anaerobic Endosymbiont Generates Energy For Ciliate Host by Denitrification
Wikipedia
Epilimnion
What nitrate is ?
Metalimnion
Hypolimnion
Wikipedia
The Nitrogen (N) cycle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gF8rZVmuipw
Nitrogen (N) cycle
Key ‘players’:
Basic reactions :
Fixation Nitrification De-Nitrification
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gF8rZVmuipw
Nitrogen (N) cycle
What is a ciliate ?
()ריסנית
Ciliates
Ciliates
Single cells eukaryotes
Water leaving organisms
Bacteria - main ‘diet’
Wikipedia
In order to understand ciliates evolution we need to refresh –
Endosymbiosis
Their abundances increases with depth (‘deep water’ core – ciliates only)
Questions so far :
Does intracellular DAPI signals is a reminiscent of an endosymbionts ?
To which organism does this DNA belong to ?
What nitrate has to do with all of this ?
Identifying the symbiont
Identify the symbiont
Elimination :
No cofactor F420 was found - unlikely to be mitochondria who turned to be hydrogenosome
No hybridization with archaeal oligonucleotide probe – unlikely to involve archaea
16S rRNA :
86% identity with:
Legionella clemsonensis
Candidatus Berkiella cookevillensis
Naturally, both attack protists (Amoeba)
Gammaproteobacteria class
Proved to be bacteria !
Proved to be ciliate !
Lecturer change
? Is that an endosymbiosis
Symbiont (Candidatus Azoamicus ciliaticola) genome
Remarks :
Smallest protist endosymbiont reported
Those features – Been found only in insects obligate endosymbionts
Genomes comparisons
Prokaryotic full genomes
Gene bank data
Non-obligate ciliate
endosymbiosis
Mitochondria
Obligate insect
endosymbiosis
Protein coding genes comparisons
Jakobid
Ca. A. mitochondria
ciliaticola
Protein coding genes comparisons
On the basis of all of the above – the searchers concluded :
Candidatus Azoamicus ciliaticola is an obligative endosymbiont !
.’Theorized metabolic potential and activity of ‘Ca. A. ciliaticola
Metatranscriptome coverage of two ‘Ca. A. ciliaticola’ genomes
Correlation of ciliate abundance and denitrification rates