Periodic Table

of ELEMENTS

ATOMIC NUMBER ● SYMBOL ● ATOMIC WEIGHT

I am Dmitri Mendeleev!

I made the PERIODIC TABLE !

What is the PERIODIC TABLE?

 Shows all known

elements in the universe.
 Organizes the elements
by chemical properties.
How do you read the
PERIODIC TABLE?
What is the ATOMIC NUMBER?

 The number of
protons found in the
nucleus of an atom
Or
 The number of
electrons surrounding
the nucleus of an
atom.
 What is the SYMBOL?

 An abbreviation of
the element name.
What is the ATOMIC WEIGHT?

 The number of protons

and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom.
How do I find the number of protons,
electrons, and neutrons in an element
using the periodic table?

 # of PROTONS = ATOMIC NUMBER

 # of ELECTRONS = ATOMIC NUMBER

 # of NEUTRONS = ATOMIC - ATOMIC

WEIGHT NUMBER
What is the Periodic Table?

 It is an organizational system for elements.

Picture from www.chem4kids.com

So how is it arranged?

 The genius of the periodic table “is that it is organized like a

big grid. The elements are placed in specific places because
of the way they look and act. If you have ever looked at a
grid, you know that there are rows (left to right) and columns
(up and down). The periodic table has rows and columns, too,
and they each mean something different.”
Periods = Rows
 Inthe periodic table, elements have something in common if
they are in the same row.
 Allof the elements in a period have the same number of
atomic orbitals.
 Every element in the top row (the first period) has one orbital
for its electrons. All of the elements in the second row (the
second period) have two orbitals for their electrons. It goes
down the periodic table like that.
And you got your groups…

 The periodic table has a special

name for its columns, too.
When a column goes from top
to bottom, it's called a group.
Groups = Columns

 The elements in a group have the same number of

electrons in their outer orbital.
 Every element in the first column (group one) has one
electron in its outer shell. Every element on the second
column (group two) has two electrons in the outer shell.
As you keep counting the columns, you'll know how many
electrons are in the outer shell.
 There are some exceptions to the order when you look at
the transition elements, but you get the general idea.
Other than periods and groups, the table is
divided into families.
ALKALI METALS

•very reactive metals that do

not occur freely in nature
•malleable, ductile, good
conductors of heat and
electricity.
•can explode if they are
exposed to water
ALKLINE EARTH METALS

•metals
•very reactive
•not found free
in nature
TRANSITION METALS

•ductile and
malleable, and
conduct electricity
and heat
•iron, cobalt, and
nickel, are the only
elements known to
produce a magnetic
field.
RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

•many are man-made

OTHER METALS

•are ductile
and malleable
•are solid, have
a high density,
METALLOIDS

•have properties of both metals and

non-metals
•some of the metalloids are semi-
conductors. This means that they can
carry an electrical charge under special
conditions. This property makes
metalloids useful in computers and
calculators
NON-METALS

•not able to conduct electricity or heat very

well
•very brittle
•Do not reflect light.
HALOGENS

•"halogen" means "salt-former" and

compounds containing halogens are
called "salts"
•exist in all three states of matter
NOBLE GASES

•do not form compounds easily

•Happy/Inert Elements (Full outer shells)
Why is the Periodic Table important to me?

 The periodic table is the most

useful tool to a chemist.
 You get to use it on every test.
 Itorganizes lots of information
about all the known elements.
The Current Periodic Table

 Now the elements are put in rows by increasing

ATOMIC
NUMBER!!
 The horizontal rows are called periods and are
labeled from 1 to 7.
 The vertical columns are called groups are labeled
from 1 to 18.
 Groups…Here’s Where the Periodic Table
Gets Useful!!
Elements in the Why??
• They have the same
same group have number of valence
similar chemical and electrons.
physical properties!! • They will form the same
kinds of ions.
 (Mendeleev did that on purpose.)
Families on the Periodic Table

 Columns are also grouped

into families.
 Families may be one
column, or several columns
put together.
 Families have names rather
than numbers. (Just like
your family has a common
last name.)
Hydrogen

 Hydrogen belongs to a family of its

own.
 Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas.
 Hydrogen was involved in the
explosion of the Hindenberg.
 Hydrogen is promising as an
alternative fuel source for
automobiles
 Alkali Metals

 1st
column on the periodic table
(Group 1) not including
hydrogen.
 Very reactive metals, always
combined with something else
in nature (like in salt).
 Soft enough to cut with a butter
knife
 Alkaline Earth Metals

 Second column on the periodic

table. (Group 2)
 Reactivemetals that are always
combined with nonmetals in
nature.
 Several of these elements are
important mineral nutrients
(such as Mg and Ca
Transition Metals

 Elements in groups 3-
12
 Less reactive harder
metals
 Includes metals used in
jewelry and
construction.
 Metals used “as metal.”
 Boron Family

 Elements in group 13
 Aluminum metal was once rare
and expensive, not a
“disposable metal.”
Carbon Family
 Elements in group 14
 Contains elements
important to life and
computers.
 Carbon is the basis for
an entire branch of
chemistry.
 Siliconand Germanium
are important
semiconductors.
Nitrogen Family
 Elements in group 15
 Nitrogen makes up over
¾ of the atmosphere.
 Nitrogen and phosphorus
are both important in
living things.
 Most of the world’s
nitrogen is not available
to living things.
 The red stuff on the tip of
matches is phosphorus.
 Oxygen Family or Chalcogens

 Elements in group 16
 Oxygen is necessary for
respiration.
 Many things that stink, contain
sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic,
skunks,etc.)
 Halogens

 Elements in group 17
 Very reactive, volatile,
diatomic, nonmetals
 Always found combined with
other element in nature .
 Used as disinfectants and to
strengthen teeth.
The Noble Gases
 The Noble Gases

 Elements in group 18
 VERY unreactive, monatomic
gases
 Used in lighted “neon” signs
 Have a full valence shell.