PERTEMUAN 10

Motivasi

• Motivation → movere → to move → the

energizer of behavior → determinan
perilaku

Motivation refers to the driving and

pulling forces which result in persistent
behavior directed toward particular
goals
(Morgan & King, 1986)
 Motives are ,,,,
Inferences from behavior

Explanation of behavior

Prediction of behavior
 Sifat-sifat motif
1. Tidak tampak, hanya diketahui melalui
tingkah laku yang ditampilkan
2. Majemuk, tidak bersifat tunggal
3. Dapat berubah, tergantung kebutuhan
4. Berbeda-beda, tergantung : umur, jenis
kelamin, sosiokultural
 Pendekatan-pendekatan
Motivasi

1. The Evolutionary Approach

2. Drive Reduction Theory
3. Optimum Arousal Theory
4. The Cognitive Approach
5. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
 The Evolutionary Approach
• EARLY
- Emphasized the role of instincts in motivation
- An instinct is an innate (unlearned), biological
patterns of behavior that is assumed to be universal
throughout a species.

• LATER
- The motivation of sex, aggression, achievement and
other behaviors is rooted in our evolutionary past.
 Drive Reduction Theory
NEED DRIVE DRIVE REDUCTION
(RESPONSE)

GOAL (HOMEOSTASIS)

Need is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or

reduce the deprivation.

Drive is an aroused state that occurs because of a

physiological need.
 Optimum Arousal Theory
• Yerkes-Dodson Law
Performance is best under conditions of
moderate arousal than either low or high
arousal.

• Low arousal best in a new or difficult task

• High arousal best in a well learned or easy task
 The Cognitive Approach
• Human beings are rational and aware of their motivation.

a. Intrinsic motivation
= self-determination, curiosity, challenge
b. Extrinsic motivation
= rewards and punishment

Self Generated Goal (personal project, life tasks, personal

strivings)
Maslow,s Hierarchy of Human Needs

Self
Actualizati
on

Self Esteem

Love & Belongingness

Safety & Security

Physiologial Needs
 Penentu perilaku
1. Lingkungan (kegaduhan, kebisingan,
desakan ortu)
2. Dari dalam diri (harapan, cita-cita, need,
want)
3. Tujuan / nilai insentif objek (status, uang)
 Sifat penentu
1. Biologis (kebutuhan biologis)
Sering juga dikatakan survival need /
kebutuhan primer / dasar yang digunakan
untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup.
Contoh : makan, minum, udara segar,
istirahat,dll

2. Bersifat mental (psikologis)

Disebut juga kebutuhan sekunder yang dapat
dipelajari, diperoleh dalam lingkungan atau
karena interaksinya dengan lingkungan.
 Motif Dasar
• ATKINSON → motif dasar adalah motif yang tidak
dipelajari, dimiliki oleh manusia dan hewan. Terdiri dari :
1. Survival (lapar, haus)
2. Kebutuhan sosial (seks, maternal)
3. Ingin tahu

• SANTROCK → 5 motif penting :

1. Lapar (motif biologis)
2. Sex (Gabungan antara motif biologis dan sosial
kognitif)
3. Achievement
4. Affiliation motif sosial kognitif
5. Well being