Penkes Keluarga

Dg Penyakit Menular
Budi Widiyanto
 Introduction

• Worldwide concern about infectious diseases has

increased with the rise of human migration
• As people move from one place to another, they bring
their diseases, levels of immunity and resistance, and the
viruses or bacteria they may harbor that have not
emerged as diseases
• The topic is complex and includes study of a wide range
and variety of organisms, the pathology they may cause,
and their diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control
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 Historical and Current Perspectives
• 1900: Communicable diseases were the leading causes of
death in the United States
• By 2000: Improved nutrition and sanitation, vaccines, and
antibiotics had put an end to the epidemics that once
ravaged entire populations
• As people live longer, chronic diseases (heart disease,
cancer, and stroke) have replaced infectious diseases as
the leading causes of death
• Infectious diseases have not vanished – they are still the
number-one cause of death worldwide
• New killers are emerging, and old familiar diseases are 3

taking on different, more virulent characteristics

 Peny Menular Indonesia
1. Infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA)
2. COVID-19
3. Diare
4. Tuberkulosis
5.  Demam dengue
6. Cacingan
7. Penyakit kulit
8. Malaria
9. Difteri

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 Transmission of
Infectious Diseases

• Agent, host, and environment

• Modes of transmission
• Vertical transmission
• Horizontal transmission
• Common vehicle
• Vectors

• Disease development
• Disease spectrum
• Endemic
• Epidemic
• Pandemic

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 Surveillance of
Infectious Diseases
• Surveillance: gather the who, when, where, and what; these elements
are then used to answer why
• A good surveillance system systematically collects, organizes,
and analyzes current, accurate, and complete data for a defined
disease condition
• The resulting information is promptly released to those who
need it for effective planning, implementation, and evaluation of
disease prevention and control programs
• Surveillance for agents of bioterrorism
• Anthrax
• Smallpox
• List of Reportable diseases 6

• Varies by state
Emerging Infectious Diseases

 Emerging infectious diseases: those in which the

incidence has actually increased in the past two
decades or has the potential to increase in the near
future
 Ebola virus
 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
 HIV/AIDS
 West Nile virus (WNV)
 Emergency factors

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Prevention and Control of
Infectious Diseases
 Primary prevention
 Preventing the incidence of disease before it happens
 Secondary prevention
 Preventing the spread of disease once it occurs
 Tertiary prevention
 Reducing complications through treatment and
rehabilitation
 Role of nurse in prevention
 Control and teach about disease; screen for disease; treat
persons with disease
 Multisystem approach to control
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Vaccine-Preventable Diseases

 Routine childhood immunization schedule vaccinates

children against 11 diseases:
 Hepatitis B, diphtheria, pertussis, measles, mumps,
rubella, polio, Haemophilus influenzae, type B meningitis,
varicella (chickenpox), and Streptococcus pneumoniae

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Food- and Waterborne
Diseases
 Ten golden rules for safe food preparation
 Foodborne diseases
 Salmonellosis
 Escherichia coli 0157:H7
 Waterborne diseases
 Hepatitis A
 Cholera
 Typhoid fever
 Bacillary dysentery

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Vector-Borne Diseases

 Vector-borne diseases: refers to illnesses for which the

infectious agent is transmitted by a carrier (vector)
 Lyme disease
 Rocky Mountain spotted fever
 Prevention and control of tick-borne diseases
 Vaccine for Lyme disease recommended for those living in
high-risk areas

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Diseases of Travelers

 Those traveling outside the U.S. need to be aware of and take

precautions against diseases they may be exposed to; may return
to the U.S. with an “unplanned souvenir”; health professionals
taking client history need to consider recent travel by the client
 Malaria
 Foodborne and waterborne diseases
 Diarrheal diseases
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Zoonoses and Parasitic Diseases

 Zoonosis: an infection transmitted from a vertebrate animal to a

human under natural conditions
 Rabies (hydrophobia)
 Parasitic diseases
 More prevalent in tropical climates and countries with inadequate
prevention and control methods
 Intestinal parasitic infections
 Parasitic opportunistic infections
 Control and prevention of parasitic infections
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Nosocomial Infections

 Nosocomial infections: infections acquired during hospitalization

or developed within the hospital setting
 May involve patients, health care workers, visitors, or anyone who
has contact with a hospital
 Universal Precautions: procedures to prevent exposure to blood-
borne diseases
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Nurses’ Role and
Communicable Diseases
 Communicable disease prevention and control programs
must move beyond providing drug treatment and vaccines
 Health promotion and education must be aimed at
changing individual and community behavior
 Nurses play a key role in all aspects of prevention and
control of communicable diseases
 Close cooperation with other members of the
interdisciplinary health care team is crucial
 Mobilizing community participation is essential to
successful implementation of programs