Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Goal Setting and Achivement Orientation
Goal Setting and Achivement Orientation
Goal Setting and Achivement Orientation
Anyone who does anything worthwhile anywhere has consciously or unknowingly followed through on a goal. Goals keep us focused on a purpose. They help us through difficult times when many others less motivated would give up. A person who wants to get the most out of life often has a number of goals simmering at the same time, in their personal and business lives.
Creates Thought Process Gives Direction Motivation Responsibility Planning Organizing Helps in building Self Confidence
Long-Term goal
A goal that is reached over an extended period of time
long term
long/short term
short term
Likewise, having a goal that's too easy is not a motivating force. Hard goals are more motivating than easy goals, because it's much more of an accomplishment to achieve something that you have to work for.
Types Of Goals
What are your goals?
Artistic Attitude Career Education Family Financial Pleasure Public Service
Types Of Goals
yArtistic: Do you want to achieve any artistic goals? If so, what? yAttitude: Is any part of your mindset holding you back? Is there any part of the way that you behave that upsets you? If so, set goals to improve or cure the problem. yCareer: What level do you want to reach in your career?
Types Of Goals
y Education: Is there any knowledge you want to acquire in particular? What information and skills will you need to achieve other goals? y Family: How do you want to be seen by a parent or by other members of your family? y Financial: How much do you want to earn by what stage?
Types Of Goals
y Pleasure: How do you want to enjoy yourself? - you should ensure that some of your life is for you! y Public Service: Do you want to make the world a better place by your existence? If so, how? y Physical: Are there any athletic goals you want to achieve, or do you want good health deep into old age? What steps are you going to take to achieve this?
Imagine that someday you will have children. Write a letter of advice for them to read when they reach the age you is right now. Tell them about the goals you had at this age, and what those goals did for you. Tell them about taking risks - what kinds of risks are good to take and what kinds arent. And tell them how to deal with failure and disappointment so they won't be discouraged when things don't work out the way they want.
- You must be able to measure progress towards your goal. - Your goal must be something that you can actually attain. - Your goal must be realistic, given who you are. - Your goal must be something you can experience yourself.
S.M.A.R.T
When you are planning a goal for yourself you have to think SMART
S.M.A.R.T
Specific I will get an A in class for the 1st quarter Measurable will average out my grade from my homework, quizzes, and tests Attainable Is this goal within reach for me Realistic I got a B in math last year * Time I will have ten weeks to accomplish this goal
Stability
Stable Unstable
Causalit y
Internal External
Controllability
In One s Control
Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behavior Attribution theory assumes that people try to determine why people do what they do person can make two attributions 1) internal attribution, the inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character or personality. 2) external attribution, the inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in.
Attribution theory Attribution = ones explanation of why something happened. When individuals observe behaviour, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Attribution theory suggests we determine which of these two (internal or external causes) is more likely through examination of: Distinctiveness consistency of behaviour in different situations. Consensus how others in same situation responded. Consistency consistency of persons behaviour over time.
Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to underestimate external factors and overestimate internal factors when making judgments about others behavior. E.g., supervisor assuming poor performance in subordinate is due to lack of effort and ability without examining possible external contributors (such as problems with machinery, lack of support) Suggests we may lose opportunities to correct situational problems because we dont see their influence.
Self-Serving Bias The tendency to attribute ones successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors. The tendency to deny personal responsibility for performance problems (blame external factors) but to accept personal responsibility for performance success (credit internal factors).
Self-determination theory
Self-determination theory (SDT) is a general theory of human motivation and is concerned with the choices people make with their own free will and full sense of choice, without any external influence and interference
Mastery Attempts
Perceived failure:
can be defined either internally or externally results in dissatisfaction and perceived incompetence encourages fewer mastery attempts
Currently the most popular approach in motivation literature and within sport psychology Proposes that motivational affect, behaviour and cognition can be understood in terms of two goal perspectives ego and task Goal Orientations are thought to be influenced by both situational and dispositional factors Both goal orientations are independent e.g.
High Task, Low Ego High Task, High Ego - Low Task, High Ego - Low Task, Low Ego
Typical behaviours
persistence, optimal effort work hard choose challenging activities seek feedback
Typical behaviours
perception of high ability careful selection of activities avoid failure little effort during practice Both orientations find competition meaningful it is the meaning attached to competition that distinguishes them
1994) Children tend to be more task oriented Children of 10 years could be ego oriented Adolescents tend to be more ego oriented Boys and men are more ego oriented than girls and women In the more competitive levels of sport, participants have a higher ego orientation Task orientation does not vary with level of participation
Parents emphasise different aspects of participation to their children depending on own orientation (team
playing/ winning)
Children with a dominant orientation tend to view their parents in the same light Both parents and children are poor at judging the others actual orientation The perceived orientation of the parent will influence the childs attitude to participation Similarly a coach or teacher can exert influence over the childs enjoyment and beliefs about sport
The literature tends to favour task orientation This is limited as a person can have a certain degree of both orientations simultaneously People with a high ego and task orientation are highly motivated in sport A win attitude is needed in sport - an ego orientation can be used to sustain long-term motivation
State each goal as a positive statement: express your goals positively - 'Execute this technique well' is a much better goal than 'don't make this stupid mistake' Be precise: set a precise goal, putting in dates, times and amounts so that you can measure achievement. If you do this, you will know exactly when you have achieved the goal, and can take complete satisfaction from having achieved it.
y Set priorities: where you have several goals, give each a priority. This helps you to avoid feeling overwhelmed by too many goals, and helps to direct your attention to the most important ones. y Write goals down: this crystallizes them and gives them more force. y Keep operational goals small: keep the low-level goals you are working towards small and achievable. If a goal is too large, then it can seem that you are not making progress towards it. Keeping goals small and incremental gives more opportunities for reward. Derive today's goals from larger ones.
y Set performance goals, not outcome goals: you should take care to set goals over which you have as much control as possible. There is nothing more dispiriting than failing to achieve a personal goal for reasons beyond your control. These could be bad business environments, poor judging, bad weather, injury, or just plain bad luck. If you base your goals on personal performance, then you can keep control over the achievement of your goals and draw satisfaction from them.
Set realistic goals: it is important to set goals that you can achieve. All sorts of people (parents, media, society) can set unrealistic goals for you. They will often do this in ignorance of your own desires and ambitions. Alternatively you may be nave in setting very high goals. You might not appreciate either the obstacles in the way, or understand quite how many skills you must master to achieve a particular level of performance.
Do not set goals too low: just as it is important not to set goals unrealistically high, do not set them too low. People tend to do this where they are afraid of failure or where they are lazy! You should set goals so that they are slightly out of your immediate grasp, but not so far that there is no hope of achieving them. No-one will put serious effort into achieving a goal that they believe is unrealistic. However, remember that your belief that a goal is unrealistic may be incorrect. If this could be the case, you can to change this belief by using imagery effectively.
State each goal as a positive statement Be precise Set priorities Write down your goals Keep operational goals small Set performance goals, not outcome goals Set realistic goals
Achieving Goals
y Enjoy the goal you achieved. y If you achieved the goal too easily, make your next goals harder y If the goal took a dispiriting length of time to achieve, make the next goals a little easier y If you learned something that would lead you to change other goals, do so y If while achieving the goal you noticed a deficit in your skills, decide whether to set goals to fix this.
Thank You