Taylor s series expansion for a function of two variables

If f(x,y) and all its partial derivatives upto nth order are finite and continuous for all points (x,y), then the Taylor s series expansion about the point (a,b) is
1 f ( x, y) ! f (a, b)  ( x  a) f x  ( y  b) f y  1! 1 (x  a)2 f xx  2( x  a)(y  b) f xy  ( y  b)2 f yy  2! 1 ( x  a)3 f xxx  3(x  a)2 ( y  b) f xxy  3(x  a)( y  b)2 f xyy  ( y  b)3 f yyy 3!

Taylor s series expansion for a function of single variable

If f(x) and all its derivatives up to nth order are finite and continuous for all x, then the Taylor s series expansion of f(x) about the point x=a is defined by

x  a f d )  x  a f ( x) ! f (a)  (a
1! 2!

d f d ) . g (a

Problems: 2 1. Expand x y  3y  2 in powers of x-1 and y+2 using Taylor s theorem. 2. Expand e cos y about (0,0) upto third degree terms using Taylor s series. y tan 3. Obtain Taylor s expansion of about x (1,1) upto the second degree terms. T e sin y about (  1 , 4 ) upto third 4. Expand degree terms using Taylor s series. 5. Using Taylor s theorem, show that if x  T4 is so small so that x  T4 and higher powers may be neglected, tan x } 1  T2  2 x
x
1

Maxima and Minima for a function of two variable

Definitions: A function f(x, y) is said to have a maximum value at the point (a, b), if there exists a small neighbourhood of (a,b) such that f(a,b) > f(a+h, b+k) A function f(x, y) is said to have a minimum value at the point (a, b), if there exists a small neighbourhood of (a,b) such that f(a,b) < f(a+h, b+k) The maximum and minimum values of a function are also called extreme or extremum values of a function. A point (a,b) at which the function f(x,y) has neither maximum nor minimum is called saddle point.

WORKING RULE TO FIND THE EXTREMUM VALUES Differentiate f(x, y) and find out Let and solve the equations for x and y. Let (a, b) be the values of x and y. Evaluate A ! x x f , B ! xxxxfy , C ! x y f for these values (a,b) x x If AC  B 2 " 0 and
2 2 2 2 2

xf xf ! 0, and !0 xx xy

xf xf x 2 f x 2 f x 2 f , , 2 , , 2 xx xy xx xxxy xy

 A < 0, then f(x,y) has a maximum value.  A > 0, then f(x,y) has a minimum value.

If AC  B 0, then f(x,y) has no extremum value at that particular point. If AC  B 2 ! 0 , then the case is doubtful and further investigation is required
2

Problems: Determine the extremum values of the following: 1. x  y  6 x  12 3 3 2. x  y  3axy 3. 2 x  2 x  xy  3 y  y 4. x  y  63( x  y )  12 xy

2 2 2 2 3 3

LAGRANGE METHOD OF UNDETERMINED MULTIPLIERS

Let f(x,y,z) be a function of three variables x,y ,z and the variables be connected by the relation g(x,y,z)=0 Define F(x,y,z) = f(x,y,z) + g(x,y,z) where is called the lagrangian multiplier. Differentiating F(x,y,z) with respect to x, y, z , partially and equate it to zero. Solving the equations we get the values of x,y,z, Note: In Lagrange s Method, the nature of the stationary point cannot be determined.

Problems: 1. In a plane triangle ABC find the maximum value of cosAcosBcosC. 2. A rectangular box open at the top is to have a volume of 32c.c. Find the dimensions of the box requiring least material for its construction. 3. Show that if the perimeter of a triangle is constant, its area is maximum when the triangle is equilateral. 4. Find the maximum and minimum distances of the point (3,4,12) from the sphere x  y  z ! 1 5. Show that the rectangular solid of maximum value that can be inscribed in a sphere is a cube.
2 2 2