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NOE13 PPT C04 Accessible
NOE13 PPT C04 Accessible
Chapter 4
The Analysis and Design
of Work
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Learning Objectives
4-1 Analyze an organization’s structure and work-flow
process, identifying the output, activities, and inputs in
the production of a product or service.
4-2 Understand the importance of job analysis in strategic
human resource management.
4-3 Choose the right job analysis technique for a variety of
human resource activities.
4-4 Identify the tasks performed and the skills required in a
given job.
4-5 Understand the different approaches to job design.
4-6 Comprehend the trade-offs among the various
approaches to designing jobs.
© McGraw Hill, LLC 2
Introduction
There is no “one best way” to design jobs and structure
organizations.
Organizations need to create a fit between environment,
competitive strategy, and philosophy and its jobs and
organizational design.
Failing to design effective organizations and jobs has
important implications for competitiveness.
Work-Flow Design:
• Important in understanding how to bundle tasks into discrete
jobs.
Organization Structure:
• Need to understand how jobs at different levels relate.
LO 4-1
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Work-Flow Analysis and Organization
Structure 2
Work-Flow Analysis:
• A means to understand all tasks required to produce high-quality
products, and the skills necessary to perform those tasks.
Work-Flow Analysis
• Analyzing work outputs:
• Can be a product or service.
Work-Flow Analysis
• Analyzing work processes:
• Determine how output is generated (operating procedures).
• Lean production.
Work-Flow Analysis
• Analyzing work inputs:
• Raw materials.
• Just-in-time inventory.
• Equipment.
• Human skills.
Organization Structure
• Dimensions of structure:
• Centralization.
• Departmentalization.
Organization Structure
• Structural configurations:
• Functional structure.
• Divisional structure.
• Not efficient.
© McGraw Hill, LLC SOURCE: Adapted from J. A. Wagner and J. R. Hollenbeck, Organizational Behavior: Securing Competitive Advantage, 3rd ed. (New York: Prentice Hall, 19 98). 14
Figure 4.3 Divisional Structure: Product
Structure
© McGraw Hill, LLC SOURCE: Adapted from J. A. Wagner and J. R. Hollenbeck, Organizational Behavior: Securing Competitive Advantage, 3rd ed. (New York: Prentice Hall, 19 98). 15
Figure 4.4 Divisional Structure:
Geographic Structure
© McGraw Hill, LLC SOURCE: Adapted from J. A. Wagner and J. R. Hollenbeck, Organizational Behavior: Securing Competitive Advantage, 3rd ed. (New York: Prentice Hall, 19 98). 16
Figure 4.5 Divisional Structure: Client
Structure
© McGraw Hill, LLC SOURCE: Adapted from J. A. Wagner and J. R. Hollenbeck, Organizational Behavior: Securing Competitive Advantage, 3rd ed. (New York: Prentice Hall, 19 98). 17
Work-Flow Analysis and Organization
Structure 8
Organization Structure
• Variations in an organization’s structure:
• Keep subunits small.
• “Middle-of-the-road” approach.
© McGraw Hill, LLC 18
Work-Flow Analysis and Organization
Structure 9
Organization Structure
• Structure and the nature of jobs:
• Jobs in functional structures need to be narrow and highly
specialized.
• Selection.
• Performance appraisal.
• Career planning.
• Job evaluation.
LO 4-2
© McGraw Hill, LLC 20
Job Analysis 2
• Job specifications.
• Job incumbent.
• Supervisors.
• Social networks.
• Mental processes.
• Work output.
• Job context.
• Other characteristics.
LO 4-3
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Table 4.2 Overall Dimensions of the
Position Analysis Questionnaire
Dimensions of Position Analysis Questionnaire:
• Decision/communication/general responsibilities.
• Clerical/related activities.
• Technical/related activities.
• Service/related activities.
• Regular day schedule versus other work schedules.
• Routine/repetitive work activities.
• Environmental awareness.
• General physical activities.
• Supervising/coordinating other personnel.
• Public/customer/related contact activities.
• Unpleasant/hazardous/demanding environment.
• Nontypical work schedules.
LO 4-4
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Job Design 1
2. Motivational.
3. Biological.
4. Perceptual-motor.
Mechanistic Approach:
• Identify simplest way to structure work to maximize efficiency.
• Scientific management.
• Workers are trained in the “one best way” to do job, then selected
on their ability to do the job.
• Monetary incentives.
Mechanistic Approach:
• Focuses on psychological and motivational potential of a job.
• Job gentrification.
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Job Design 4
Biological Approach:
• Goal is to minimize physical strain by structuring the physical
work environment around how the body works.
• Also called ergonomics.
Perceptual-Motor Approach:
• Design jobs that don’t exceed people’s mental capabilities and
limitations.
• Information overload can detract from performance.
• Absence presence results when interacting with multiple media.
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