Introduction to Chemistry

Md. Sakib-Uz-Zaman
What is atoms?
• Atoms are the smallest particles of elements
that contain the characteristics of elements.
• Example: Nitrogen atoms contain the
characteristic features of nitrogen while
oxygen atoms contain the same of oxygen.
What are molecules?
• When two or more atoms remain connected
with each other in chemical bond, it is known
as molecule.
• Example: Two oxygen atoms (O) bond each
other to form an oxygen molecule (O2).
What are ions?
• An ion is a charged atom or molecule. It is
charged because the number of electrons do
not equal the number of protons in the atom
or molecule.
Write down the symbol of elements.
1. Hydrogen (H) 11. Sodium (Na)
2. Helium (He) 12. Magnesium (Mg)
3. Lithium (Li) 13. Aluminum (Al)
4. Beryllium (Be) 14. Silicon (Si)
5. Boron (B) 15. Phosphorus (P)
6. Carbon (C) 16. Sulfur (S)
7. Nitrogen (N) 17. Chlorine (Cl)
8. Oxygen (O) 18. Argon (Ar)
9. Fluorine (F) 19. Potassium (K)
10. Neon (Ne) 20. Calcium (Ca)
What is Molecular Weight?
• Molecular weight is a measure of the sum of
the atomic weight values of the atoms in
a molecule. Molecular weight is used in
chemistry to determine stoichiometry in
chemical reactions and equations.
What is Empirical Formula?
• A formula giving the proportions of the
elements present in a compound but not the
actual numbers or arrangement of atoms.
What is Molecular Formula?
• A molecular formula consists of
the chemical symbols for the constituent
elements followed by numeric subscripts
describing the number of atoms of each
element present in the molecule.
What are the Fundamental Particles of Atom?

• Each atom consists of three permanent

particles – electron, proton & neutron.
• Proton and neutron remain at the neucleus in
the center of atom while electron continues to
move round the neucleus.
Describe the Bohr’s atomic model.
• Scientist Neils Bohr gave some corrections to Rutherford’s
atomic model in 1913. This corrected model is called
Bohr’s atomic model. The main postulates of this model
are:

a) Around the nucleus there are some circular stable axes on

which electron moves around. They are called energy level
or orbit. They are also known as shell or permanent orbit or
principal energy level. Electrons do not absorb or emit any
energy when they revolve round these fixed orbits.
• If we express the permanent orbit as n, then n
= 1,2,3,4 etc. In other words, if n=1, the
principal energy level is K, when n=2, L is the
principal energy level, when n=3, M is the
principal energy level, when n=4, N is the
principal energy level,
b) According to Bohr’s model, the angular momentum of
electron in an energy level is
mvr = nh/2
m = the mass of electron (9.11*10E-31 kg)
r = the radius of the orbit that electron follows
v = the velocity of electron in the permanent orbit
h = Plank constant ( h = 6.626*10E-34 m2kg/s)
n = principal energy level or principal quantum number (n =
1,2,3,4…..)

According to this, the energy level with lesser value of n is

lower energy level and the energy level with higher value of
n is higher energy level.
What is Atomic Number?
• Atomic number of an element is determined
by the number of protons present in the
nucleus of that element’s atom.
• Proton number or atomic number is expressed
by Z.
What is Mass Number?
• The mass number of an atom is denoted by
the total number of proton & neutron in its
nucleus.
• The mass number is expressed by A.
What is Isotope?
• Atoms of the same element with equal
number of protons but different numbers of
neutrons and mass are called isotope of each
other.
State the Modern Periodic Law.
• The physical and the chemical properties of
the elements are periodic function of their
atomic numbers.