ARC 303

Title: CEMENT

Objectives: at the end of this chapter, students should be able to;

i. understand and describe what cement is,

ii. understand the way cement is manufacture,
iii. understand and described the different types of cement.
 CEMENT
Description

Cement describes any material that hardens and becomes strongly adhesive after
application.

It usually refers to a finely powdered, manufactured substance consisting of gypsum plaster,
or Portland Cement that hardens and adheres after being mixed with water.

It is a powdery substance widely used in the construction industry, which when mixed with
water undergoes a chemical reaction.

Portland Cement, the main type of cement is an artificial mineral substance. Made by
heating clay and powdered limestone or chalk to form a Clinker, which is then grounded to a
fine powder, that must have correct proportion of Calcium, Aluminium, Silicon and Iron.
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 The cement we used today was developed, and the term “Portland Cement” first used by a
Leed’s builder Joseph Aspdin in 1824 while intending to produce artificial stone.

 He named it “Portland” because in its hardened state, it resembles natural Portland

limestone in colour and texture.

 In 1845, Isaac Johnson went further to grind the material of Aspdin’s cement into the
powder we know it to be today. It was in Britain that the first modern Portland Cement was
produced.

 Portland Cement consist of Calcium Oxide (CaO) from Chalk or limestone, Silica (SiO 2),
Alumina (Al2O3) and Iron Oxide (FeO3). So it may be manufactured from any of a number of
raw materials provided they are combined to yield necessary amount of Lime, Silica,
Alumina and Iron
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PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE
1.The selected constituents are crushed and reduced in size by means of primary and secondary
crushers, and then stored.

2.The raw materials are proportioned and ground to powder and blended either through a dry process
using a grinding mill, pneumatic pump and blending silos. Or, through a wet process using a grinding
mill, slurry pumps and blending basins.

3.They are converted through a Rotating kiln at temperatures of 2600-3000F (1400-1650 0C). The
burning changes the raw mix chemically into cement Clinker.

4.After cooling, the Clinker is pulverized (along with a small amount 4-7% of gypsum to retard the
curing process) into a powder finer than flour.

5.This powder, Portland Cement, is pumped into a bulk storage taken through a bulk truck or bulk car,
and is either packaged in bags or shipped in in bulk
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Types of Cement

1.Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC):

It is the cheapest and most commonly used. It is suitable for most kind of works
like columns, beams, floor slabs etc.

It is affected by sulphate

By varying the percentage of its normal components or adding others, Portland
cement can be given various desirable characteristics like rapid hardening.
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Types of Cement

2. Rapid Hardening Portland Cement:

Also known as high/early strength cement.

It is similar to OPC except that the cement powder is more finely ground, the
effect of which is that the cement reacts more quickly with water and as such
develops high surface rapidly

It can achieve in 3 days the same strength acquired by OPC in 7 days. It
therefore speeds up construction work

It is more expensive than OPC

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Types of Cement

3. Extra-Rapid Hardening Portland Cement:

It is derived by grinding up to 2% of calcium chloride (CaCl) with OPC which acts as an
accelerator by increasing the rate of hydration of cement thereby developing early strength.

It achieves 25% more strength in 2 days than Rapid Hardening Cement.

It is used for concreting in cold weather where other cement types may be affected by frost.
And also in repairs of surfaces such as pavements which cannot remained closed for long
periods.

The development of early strength often causes drying, shrinking and cracking.

It is highly vulnerable to sulphate attack.

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Types of Cement

4. Low Heat Cement.

Normally used for mass concreting and other large construction like dams.
By controlling the constituents, this type of cement hardens more slowly and thus
develops heat less rapidly than other cement types.

5. Sulphate Resisting Cement

It is used in concreting surfaces exposed to sulphate attack.
The alumina content which is susceptible to sulphate attack is reduced thereby
providing increased resistance to the effect of sulphate.
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Types of Cement

6. White Portland Cement

•Manufactured from China clay and white chalk and limestone
•Use to procedure white concrete finishes.
•More expensive them OPC but used for surfaces of exposed concrete and for
cement rendering.
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Types of Cement
7. High Alumina Portland Cement
Manufactured by melting bauxite and lime stones or chalk in equal proportion in a
reverberating furnace and grinding the pigs without gypsum.
Highly resistant to the destructive effects of sulphate and acids.
It has a high rate of strength, as 80% of its ultimate strength developed within 24 hours
When used to make concrete, it must be cured by spraying of water for at least 24 hours.
It is a good refractory material, that is able to withstanding temperature of 1300°C without
any appreciable loss of strength.
When used to make concrete, it must be cured by spraying of water for at least 24 hours,
because of its hydrate of loss of water during hardening.
Susceptible to attack by alkalines.
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Other Types of Cement

Water-repellent cement

Hydrophobic cement

Portland blast furnace cement.