PORAC MODEL COMMUNITY HIGH SCHOOL

Second Quarter:
Module 2
Relations & Functions
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
 PORAC MODEL COMMUNITY HIGH SCHOOL
Learning Objective/s:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
illustrates a relation and a function
verifies if a given relation is a function
determines dependent and independent variables
finds the domain and range of a function
illustrates a linear function
graphs a linear function’s (a) domain; (b) range; (c) table of values;
(d) intercepts; and (e) slope
solves problems involving linear functions
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Definition:
Relation is simply a set or collection of ordered pairs. An ordered pair,
commonly known as a point, has two components which are the x and y
coordinates.

This is an example of an ordered pair.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Ways How to Write or Represent Relations
Relation in set notation:

Relation in table: Relation in graph: Relation in mapping diagram:

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Domain and Range of a given Relation
The domain is the set of all x or input values. We may describe it as the
collection of the first values in the ordered pairs.
The range is the set of all y or output values. We may describe it as the
collection of the second values in the ordered pairs.

Example: Find the domain and range.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

What Makes a Relation a Function
A function is actually a “special” kind of relation because it follows an extra
rule. Just like a relation, a function is also a set of ordered pairs; however,
every x-value must be associated to only one y-value.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

What Makes a Relation a Function

If you see any duplicates or

repetitions in the x-values, the
relation is not a function.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Examples of How to Determine if a Relation is also a Function
Example 1: Is the relation expressed in the mapping diagram a function?

Each element of the domain is being traced to

one and only element in the range. However, it is
okay for two or more values in the domain to
share a common value in the range. That is, even
though the elements 5 and 10 in the domain
share the same value of 2 in the range, this
relation is still a function.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Examples of How to Determine if a Relation is also a Function

Example 2: Is the relation expressed in the mapping diagram a function?

Does each value in the domain point to a single

value in the range? There’s nothing wrong when
four elements coming from the domain are
sharing a common value in the range. This is an
example of a function as well.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Examples of How to Determine if a Relation is also a Function
Example 3: Is the relation expressed in the mapping diagram a function?

The element 15 has two arrows pointing to both 7

and 9. This is a clear violation of the requirement
to be a function. A function is well behaved, that
is, each element in the domain must point to one
element in the range. Therefore, this relation is
not a function.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Examples of How to Determine if a Relation is also a Function
Example 4: Is the relation expressed in mapping diagram a function?

A single element in the domain is being paired

with four elements in the range. Remember, if an
element in the domain is being associated with
more than one element in the range, the relation
is automatically disqualified to be a function.
Thus, this relation is absolutely not a function.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Examples of How to Determine if a Relation is also a Function
Example 5: Is the mapping diagram a relation, or function?

The element “2” in the domain is not being paired

with any element in the range. Every element in
the domain must have some kind of
correspondence to the range for it be considered
a relation at least. Since this is not a relation, it
follows that it can’t be a function.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Preliminary Activity
1. How will you
describe the
picture?
2. What made you say
so?

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

 Independent and Dependent Variables
An independent variable is the
variable that is changed or controlled
in a scientific experiment to test the
effects on the dependent variable. A
variable in an equation that may have
its value freely chosen without
considering values of any other
variable.

A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific

experiment. A variable that depends on one or more other variables.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Independent and Dependent Variables

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

The DRY MIX acronym can help keep the variables straight

D is the dependent variable

R is the responding variable
Y is the axis on which the dependent or responding variable is graphed (the
vertical axis)

M is the manipulated variable or the one that is changed in an experiment

I is the independent variable
X is the axis on which the independent or manipulated variable is graphed
(the horizontal axis)
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
 Examples: Independent and Dependent Variables

The senior high school of PMCHS is selling lemonade for their culminating
activity. The amount of money they earn depends on how many cups of
lemonade they sell.

m = the amount of money

c = the number of cups of lemonade

Which of the variables is independent and which is dependent?

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

 Examples: Independent and Dependent Variables

In Newton’s class, the students are divided into groups for their
SymboDance. The number of students in the class is used to calculate how
many teams will be formed.

s = the number of students in the class

t = the number of groups to be formed

Which of the variables is independent and which is dependent?

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

 Examples: Independent and Dependent Variables
PELCO electric company charges its customers based on usage. The
quantity of electricity consumed determines the billing amount.

q = the quantity of electricity consumed

b = the billing amount

Which of the variables is independent and which is dependent?

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

 Examples: Independent and Dependent Variables

JP and his friends are going on a road trip together. They have a limited
budget, so they consider several different routes and calculate the cost of
gas for each route. The cost of gas for each route depends on the length of
the route.

g = the cost of gas

r = the length of the route

Which of the variables is independent and which is dependent?

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

 Identify the independent and dependent variables.

1. Mark and Clarence are baking cookies to sell at their school's bake sale.
The amount of money they will be able to raise for their school depends
on the number of cookies they bake.
2. At a coffee shop, the amount of tax due is calculated based on the cost of
the customer's order.
3. Lisa is throwing a party. The number of party flavors she buys is based on
how many guests she wants to invite.
4. Owen, a food blogger, receives payment from an advertiser each month.
The amount of money he earns depends on how many site visitors he
receives each month.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

 Identify the independent and dependent variables.

5. Leah is planning a picnic for her co-workers and plans to serve veggie
burgers. The more of her co-workers who attend the picnic, the more veggie
burgers she will prepare.
6. Shawna and Andrew are going hiking and are trying to figure out how much
water they should bring with them on the hike. The longer they plan to hike,
the more water they should bring.
7. Erica is scheduling table tennis tournament. The number of matches is
determined by how many competitors are registered for the tournament.
8. Nicole is hosting a pizza party for her basketball team. The more team
members who attend the party, the more pizzas she will need to order.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

 Mini-Poster Project Directions
 Make a poster that uses pictures to show the difference between a
dependent variable and an independent variable.
Find or devise an example of a dependent variable and an example of an
independent variable, using the list below as a start. Your poster must
have the following:
• A title
• Two pictures, one illustrating each variable (Pictures may be either
drawn, cut out from newspapers or magazines, or printed from the
Internet.)
• Labels for “Dependent Variable” and “Independent Variable”
• A caption that says:
“____________________ depends on ____________________.”
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Mini-Poster Project Directions

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Linear Function

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Define Linear function f(x) = mx + b

A function is a linear function if and only if its

equation can be written in the form y = mx + b or
f(x) = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the y-
intercept of the line. The graph is a non-vertical
straight line.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example 1
1. Is y + 2x = 2 a linear function?

Solve for y:
y + 2x = 2 The equation is in the form ax + by = c.
y + 2x – 2x = -2x + 2 Add – 2x to both sides of the equation.
y = - 2x + 2 The equation is now in the form y = mx + b
or f(x) = -2x + 2 or f(x) = mx + b.

Since the equation can be written in the form y = mx + b or f(x) = mx + b,

where m = -2 and b = 2. Then, y + 2x = 2 is a linear function.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example 2
2. Is x2 – y + 1 = 0 a linear function?

Solve for y:
x2 – y + 1 = 0
-y = - x2 – 1
y = x2 + 1

Since you cannot write the equation in the form y = mx + b.

Then, x2 – y + 1 = 0 is not a linear function.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example 2
3. Is y(x + 6) = x(y + 3) a linear function?

Solve for y:
y(x + 6) = x(y + 3) Apply distributive property of multiplication.
xy + 6y = xy + 3x By addition property, add – xy to both sides
6y = 3x of the equations
y=½x

After simplifying, the equation is linear since it can be written in the form
y = mx + b, where m = ½ and b = 0.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

A. Which of the following equation is a linear equation?

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

B. Determine whether the relation is linear.

1. x(y + 3) = 0
2. 2y + 2x = 6
3. 5x – 2y + 6 = 0
4. 2(x-y) = 3( x + y)
5. 2(x + y) = 5 (y + 1)
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Draw the Graph of a Linear Function
The graph of a linear function is a straight line.

(a) domain;
(b) range;
(c) table of values;
(d) intercepts; and
(e) slope.

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS