PETROLOGY

PETROLOGY
LESSON 3
Petrology means “STUDY OF ROCKS”
Petro = Rock
Logy = Study
 The branch of geology deals with the various aspects of
rocks such as, Origin, Association, Occurrence, Mineral
composition, Chemical composition, Texture, Structure,
Physical properties of rocks.
PETROLOGY
Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid
aggregate of one or more minerals combined
together in an orderly manner.
Petrography deals with the descriptive part of
rocks.
Petrogeny deals with the mode of formation

of rocks.
PETROLOGY
PETROLOGY
IGNEOUS
ROCK
PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

n IGNEOUS ROCK
Igneous rocks are the primary rocks, which are formed

due to cooling and solidification of magma.
Magma is a hot viscous, siliceous melt, containing
water vapour and gases.
Magma comes out from the greater depth below the
earth surface, such magma is called LAVA

BASIC TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
Intrusive igneous rocks
crystallize below Earth's
surface, and the slow cooling
that occurs there allows
large crystals to form.
Examples of intrusive igneous
rocks are diabase, diorite,
gabbro, granite, pegmatite
, and peridotite.

KINDS OF INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
Hypabasel Rock
These Rocks are formed at Diorite

intermediate depth generally
up to 2 km below the earth
surface and exhibits mixed
characteristics of volcanic and
plutonic.

KINDS OF INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
Plutonic Rock
These Rocks are formed at

considerable depth generally Gabbro
upto 7-10 km below the earth
surface. Because of very slow
rate of cooling at these depth
coarse grained rocks are
formed. Pegmatite
PETROLOGY
BASIC TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
Extrusive igneous rocks
erupt onto the surface, where
they cool quickly to form
small crystals. Some cool so
quickly that they form an
amorphous glass. These rocks
include andesite, basalt, dacite
, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite, sc
oria, and tuff.
KIND OF EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
Volcanic Rocks
These rocks are formed due to
cooling and solidification of
lava erupted from volcanoes. since
lava cools down very fast
rate. The grain size of the crystal
formed in these rock is fine.

KIND OF EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
Volcanic Rocks
Basalt

Types of Igneous Textures
APHANITIC TEXTURE
 exhibit a fine-grained texture ( from words “a” which

means not and “phaner” meaning visible)
 this are igneous rocks that formed at the surface or a small
intrussive masses within the upper crust where cooling is
relatively rapid.

PHANERITIC TEXTURE
 exhibit coarse-grained texture

 these are large masses of magma that slowly crystallize at
great depth

PORPHYRITIC TEXTURE

GLASSY TEXTURE
During some volcanic eruptions, molten rock is ejected into the

atmosphere, where it is quenched quickly. Rapid cooling of this
type may generate rocks having a glassy texture

PYROCLASTIC TEXTURE
-also known as fragmented texture

PEGMATTIC TEXTURE
Pigmatites - exceptionally coarsed-grained igneous rock that are
formed under special conditions.
 These rocks, which are composed of interlocking

crystals all larger than a centimeter in diameter, are
said to have a pegmatitic texture

Naming Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are most often classified, or
grouped, on the basis of their texture and mineral
composition.

FELSIC (GRANITE) IGNEOUS ROCK
are mostly feldspar (especially K-feldspar), at least
10% quartz, and less than 15% mafic minerals (biotite
, hornblende).
EXAMPLE:
 Granite
 Rhyolite
 Obsidian
 Pumice

INTERMEDIATE ( ANDESISTIC) IGNEOUS ROCK

are roughly even mixtures of felsic minerals (mainly
plagioclase) and mafic minerals (mainly hornblende,
pyroxene, and/or biotite). There is little or no quartz.
EXAMPLE:
 Andesite
 Diorite

MAFIC ( BASALTIC) IGNEOUS ROCK

are dominated by plagioclase and pyroxene (even
if you can't see them with the naked eye) and smaller
amounts of olivine
EXAMPLE:
 Basalt
 Gabbro

Intrusive Igneous Features and Landforms
Batholiths
are Plutons that have been exposed on the
surface through uplift and erosion.

Batholiths

Sills and Dikes
are tabular bodies of magma that intrude into
a fracture. Sills follow bedding planes,
whereas dikes cross-cut beds.

Sills and Dikes

Monadnocks
also called Inselbergs
are isolated rock hills standing in a level
plain. These are often the result of softer
sedimentary rocks eroding around a hard
intrusive igneous body.

Monadnocks

IMPORTANCE AND USES OF IGNEOUS ROCK
IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Igneous rocks have a wide variety of uses. One important
use is as stone for buildings and statues
 used as other decorative artwork
 some are also a popular choice for kitchen countertops

SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
PETROLOGY - SEDIMENTRAY ROCK

 SEDIMENTARY ROCK
are formed by the accumulation of sediments
form from the accumulation of sediment at earth’s

surface. Most sedimentary rocks are layered.
Sedimentary rocks can form from grains of pre-
existing rocks (detritus), from chemical processes, or
from organic processes.

 SEDIMENTARY ROCK

Shale
Sand Stone
Conglomerate Lime Stone

CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Clastic or Detrital deposit rock
They are mechanically formed rocks. These are formed due

to the process of weathering, erosion, transportation and
deposition of pre-existing rocks.

KIND OF clastic rock
Rudaceous rocks
-If the grain size are more than 2 mm in dia,
Breccia
Conglomerate

Arenaceous rocks
If the grain size is in between 1 and 2 mm.
Quartz Sand Stone Grit

Argillaceous rocks
If the size of the particle is < 1mm in dia,
Shale and Mud Stone

Chemical deposit rock

 They are formed by precipitation, evaporation or crystallizationfrom
natural aqueous solution.
 When water is rich in dissolved salt evaporates and left
behindminerals. (Halite)
 Limestone can form when calcite minerals dissolved in lakes,sea and
underground water comes out of solution and formcrystal.

Chemical deposit rock
Halite
Lime Stone

Organic deposit rock

Sedimentary rocks which are formed exclusively from remainsof
organisms like plant / animals deposited in a thick layer.

Organic deposit rock

USES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Ø used in power plants as well, for production and

supply of electricity
Ø used for the production of cement. And we all know
how essential and important the usage of cement is,
for building.

METAMORPHIC
ROCK
PETROLOGY - METAMORPHIC ROCK

 METAMORPHIC ROCK
"Metamorphism"
comes from the Greek words:

Meta =change,
Morph = form
metamorphism means to change form.
UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS
PETROLOGY - METAMORPHIC ROCK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CEGEOL220_ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
 METAMORPHIC ROCK
Metamorphic rocks are those rocks that are formed asa result
of transformation that takes place in the pre-existingrocks
(Igneous/sedimentary rocks). When the pre-existing rocks are
subjected to higher temperature, pressure and chemically
active liquids and gases, the minerals present in the original
rocks changes to new environmental condition.
AGENTS OF METAMORPHISM
HEAT
The most important factor driving metamorphism is
heat because it provides the energy needed to drive
the chemical reactions that result in the
recrystallization of existing minerals and/or the
formation of new minerals.
HEAT
CHANGES CAUSED BY HEAT
First, heating promotes recrystallization
of mineral grains.This is particularly true
of sedimentary and volcanic rocks that
are composed of fine_x0002_grained
clay and silt sized particles.
HEAT
CHANGES CAUSED BY HEAT
Second, when rocks are heated, they eventually reach a
temperature at which one or more minerals become chemically
unstable. When this occurs, the constituent atoms begin to arrange
themselves into crystalline structures that are more stable in the new
high-temperature environment. These chemical reactions create new
minerals with stable configurations that have an overall composition
roughly equivalent to that of the original rock.
CONFINING PRESSURE OR STRESS

two effects
1. As with heat, it can control which minerals or forms of
minerals are stable. Some minerals may be converted to
minerals with similar composition but different atomic packing
simply because pressure is increased.
 CONFINING (o LITHOSTATIC) PRESSURE
 DIRECTED (or DIFFERENTIAL) PRESSURE

two effects
2. The second effect of pressure is to reorient minerals with linear or
platy structure or to create a preferred orientation of them as they form.
Thus elongate minerals such as amphiboles, or platy minerals such as
clays or micas tend to align themselves parallel to each other when under
pressure. This only happens when there is directed pressure; confining
pressure does not accomplish it. The diagram illustrates the effect.
CHEMICALLY ACTIVE FLUIDS

serve only to speed up other metamorphic processes, or perhaps
even allow them to happen at all. Chemical reactions require
water, and most proceed much faster as the amount of water goes
up. Dissolved ions in the fluid also make those mineral
transformations that require chemical changes in the minerals to
occur, whether by supplying needed ions or flushing away
excess ones.
METASOMATISM
a process wherein substantial chemical changes

accompanies metamorphism
METAMORPHIC TEXTURE
Metamorphic textures are either granular or

foliated. Here we examine only the foliated types.
FOLIATION
- this refers to any planar that is nearly flat

arrangement of mineral grains or structural
features within a rock.
- this occur in metamorphic environments that is
ultimately driven by compressional stresses that
shorten rock units, causing mineral grains in pre
existing rocks to develop parallel or nearly parallel
alignmet.
FOLIATION
WAYS OF FORMING DIVERSE TYPES OF FOLIATION
Ø Rotation of platy and/or elongated mineral grains into
parallel or nearly parallel orientation
Ø Recrystallization that produces new minerals with grains

that exhibit a preferred orientation
Ø Mechanism that change spheritically shaped grains into

elongated shapes that are aligned in a preferred orientation.
CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC TEXTURE
Foliated
When pressure squeezes the flat or elongate minerals
within a rock so they become aligned. These rocks develop
a platy or sheet-like structure that reflects the direction that
pressure was applied in. Slate, schist, and gneiss are all
foliated metamorphic rocks.
FOLIATED TEXTURE
Various types of foliation exist, depending largely upon the grade of

metamorphism and the mineral content of the parent rock
FOLIATEED TEXTURE
ROCK OR SALTY CLEAVAGE
 a pervasive, parallel foliation
(layering) of fine-grained
platy minerals (chlorite) in a
direction perpendicular to
the direction of maximum
stress. Produces the rocks
slate and phyllite.
FOLIATEED TEXTURE
SCHISTOSITY
 the layering in a coarse
grained, crystalline rock due
to the parallel arrangement
of platy mineral grains such
as muscovite and biotite
FOLIATEED TEXTURE
GNEISSIC (Mineral Banding)
 The layering in a rock in
which bands or lenses of
granular minerals (quartz
and feldspar) alternate with
bands or lenses in which
platy (mica) or elongate
(amphibole) minerals
predominate
Non Foliated
Non foliated metamorphic rocks are formed around
igneous intrusions where the temperatures are high but the
pressures are relatively low and equal in all directions
PORPHYROBLASTIC TEXTURE
 metamorphic rocks consists of unusually large grains, called
porphyroblasts, that are surrounded by a fine-grained matrix of
other minerals
 this textures develop in a wide range of rock types and
metamorphic environments when minerals in the parent rock
recrystallize to form new minerals.
METAMORPHIC ENVIRONMEMTS
 There are many environments in which metamorphism occurs.

Most are in the vicinity of plate margins, and several are associated
with igneous activity. We will consider the following types of
metamorphism:
TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
CONTACT OR THERMAL
 occurs in rock exposed to high temperature and low pressure, as
might happen when hot magma intrudes into or lava flows over
pre-existing protolith.
 This combination of high temperature and low pressure produces
numerous metamorphic facies. The lowest pressure conditions
produce hornfels facies, while higher pressure creates greenschist,
amphibolite, or granulite facies.
MAIN TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
A. CONTACT OR THERMAL
MAIN TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
B. REGIONAL
occurs when parent rock is subjected to increased
temperature and pressure over a large area and is often
located in mountain ranges created by converging
continental crustal plates.
TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
HYDROTHERMAL
 This type of metamorphism is often closely associated with the
emplacement of magma. As large magma bodies cool and solidify,
silica-rich fluids (mainly water) are driven into the host rocks.
When the host rock is highly fractured, mineral matter contained in
these hydrothermal solutions may precipitate to form a variety of
minerals, some of which are economically important.
OTHER TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
HYDROTHERMAL
BURIAL
occurs when rocks are deeply buried, at depths
of more than 2000 meters (1.24 miles) [10].
Burial metamorphism commonly occurs in
sedimentary basins, where rocks are buried
deeply by overlying sediments
METAMORPHISM ALONG FAULT

 metamorphic rocks made along faults
METAMORPHISM ALONG FAULT
IMPACT METAMORPHISM
(also known as SCHOCK METAMORPHISM)
is a metamorphism resulting from
meteor or other bolide impacts, or
from a similar high-pressure shock
event. Shock metamorphism is the
result of very high pressures (and
higher, but less extreme
temperatures) delivered relatively
rapidly UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS
USES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
 Metamorphic rocks are very hard and can be used in the

construction industry
 used for rip rap in coastal defence schemes
 Decorative rocks such as marble can be used in homes for
fireplaces and kitchen work surfaces
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS ACCORDING TO
PHYSICAL
Stratified rocks
These rocks are having layered structure. They
possess planes of stratification or cleavage. They
can be easily split along these planes.
EX :Sand stones, lime stones, slate etc.
PETROLOGY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PHYSICAL
Un-stratified rocks
These rocks are not stratified. They possess
crystalline and compact grains. They cannot be
split in to thin slab.
Granite, trap, marble etc. are the examples of
this type of rocks.
PHYSICAL
Foliated Rocks
These rocks have a tendency to split along a
definite direction only. The direction need not be
parallel to each other as in case of stratified
rocks. This type of structure is
very common in case of metamorphic rocks.
CHEMCIAL COMPOSITION
Siliceous rocks
These rocks which have silica as the
main constituent.
The silica in the free state is called
sand and in combined state is silicate.
Examples: Granite, Quartzite,
Sandstone etc.
Argillaceous rocks
These rocks which have
clay or
alumina as the main
constituent.
Examples: Kaolin,
Laterite, Slate
etc.
Calcareous rocks
These rocks which have calcium
carbonate or lime as their leading
constituent. These rocks are
readily acted upon by even dilute
HCl.
Examples: Limestone and
Marble.
PETROLOGY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PETROLOGY - METAMORPHIC ROCK UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
THANK
YOU
PETROLOGY - METAMORPHIC ROCK

PETROLOGY

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PETROLOGY

Petrogeny deals with the mode of formation

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

Igneous rocks are the primary rocks, which are formed

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

These Rocks are formed at Diorite

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

These Rocks are formed at

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

 exhibit a fine-grained texture ( from words “a” which

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

 exhibit coarse-grained texture

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

During some volcanic eruptions, molten rock is ejected into the

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

-also known as fragmented texture

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

 These rocks, which are composed of interlocking

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

INTERMEDIATE ( ANDESISTIC) IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

MAFIC ( BASALTIC) IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - IGNEOUS ROCK

PETROLOGY - SEDIMENTRAY ROCK

form from the accumulation of sediment at earth’s

PETROLOGY - SEDIMENTRAY ROCK

PETROLOGY - SEDIMENTRAY ROCK

Conglomerate Lime Stone

PETROLOGY - SEDIMENTRAY ROCK

Clastic or Detrital deposit rock

They are mechanically formed rocks. These are formed due

PETROLOGY - SEDIMENTRAY ROCK

PETROLOGY - SEDIMENTRAY ROCK

Quartz Sand Stone Grit

PETROLOGY - SEDIMENTRAY ROCK

Shale and Mud Stone

PETROLOGY - SEDIMENTRAY ROCK

Chemical deposit rock

PETROLOGY - SEDIMENTRAY ROCK

PETROLOGY - SEDIMENTRAY ROCK

Organic deposit rock

PETROLOGY - SEDIMENTRAY ROCK

PETROLOGY - SEDIMENTRAY ROCK

Ø used in power plants as well, for production and

PETROLOGY - SEDIMENTRAY ROCK

PETROLOGY - METAMORPHIC ROCK

comes from the Greek words:

metamorphism means to change form.

UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

PETROLOGY - METAMORPHIC ROCK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING