Foundations of Education

Biological-Psychological
Foundations of Education
 The Learning Process
& Theories of Learning
ROY SAPICO CAPANGPANGAN
Presenter
How do people come to behave
in the way they do?
What is learning?
 Burton

Learning
is any change in a person or
his behavior.
 Freeman

Learning
is modification of inherited
responses and the
acquisition of new
experiences.
 Covin

Learning
is the modification of the
reaction of the organism
through experience.
 Thomas

Learning
is any change that may take place
in one through the influence of
the outside world, whether the
influence be persons or things,
good or bad.
Outcomes of Learning
Outcomes of Learning

Knowledge and
Information
 Outcomes of Learning

Habits and Skills

Outcomes of Learning

Attitudes and
Appreciation
Theories of Learning
 Theories of Learning

Connectionism Theory
(Thorndike)
 Theories of Learning

Connectionism Theory
 association is established between
stimulus and response. Practice
strengthens the association between
the stimulus and response.
 Theories of Learning

Connectionism Theory
 The connection between
stimulus and response is
strengthened by reward of
satisfaction.
 Theories of Learning

Classical or Respondent
Conditioning
(Ivan Pavlov)
 Theories of Learning

Classical or Respondent Conditioning

 theassociation between a
conditioned stimulus and a
response is strengthened by
repeated presentation with the
unconditional stimulus.
 Theories of Learning

Instrumental or
Operant Conditioning
 Theories of Learning

Instrumental or Operant Conditioning

 the stimulus-response pattern
is strengthened by
immediately following the
response with the reinforcing
stimulus.
Factors Affecting
Learning
 Factors Affecting Learning

Motivation
 the stimulus-response pattern
is strengthened by
immediately following the
response with the reinforcing
stimulus.
 Factors Affecting Learning

Reinforcement
 may be made through the
use of audio-visual aids,
review, drills and other
means.
 Factors Affecting Learning

Extinction
 let
something die out or be
forgotten by disuse.
 Factors Affecting Learning

Association
 means the more
connections are made with
a subject, the better it will
be learned and retained.
 Factors Affecting Learning

Interest
 facilitates
learning and be
its own motivation.
(interesting lesson)
 Factors Affecting Learning

Reward or Punishment
 should be given immediately.
 Factors Affecting Learning

Recency
 means that learning should be
made recent in the minds of
learners so that they will not
forget what they have learned.
(frequent review)
 Factors Affecting Learning

Laws of Learning
 consists of the Law of Readiness (learning is
facilitated when the subject is ready for it
mentally, physically, emotionally and socially),
Law of Exercise (frequent repetition will make
the lesson better mastered) and Law of
Effect (what is learned under satisfying
circumstances will be learned faster and
retained longer).
Kinds of Learning
 Kinds of Learning
According to Pillsbury

Direct Experience
 learns
through a direct
contact with the stimulus.
 Kinds of Learning
According to Pillsbury

Indirect Experience
 usesmode, tools/
instruments in order to learn
something.
 Kinds of Learning
According to Burnham

Congenital

present at birth such as

reflex actions.
 Kinds of Learning
According to Burnham

Temporary
learns (needed) in a short
while and conveniently
forgotten.
 Kinds of Learning
According to Burnham

Permanent
those that will be utilized
throughout life.
 Kinds of Learning
According to Ruch

Sensory Learning
 learnsthrough the sense of
touch. (Braille reading)
 Kinds of Learning
According to Ruch

Verbal Learning

 Memorizing poem.
 Kinds of Learning
According to Ruch

Motor Learning

 Typing or swimming
 Kinds of Learning
According to Ruch

Ideational Learning

 Planning the plot of the

story.
 Kinds of Learning
According to Ruch

Attitudinal Learning
 Teaching good manners.
Management of
Learning
 Management of Learning

Certain rules may be followed in order to study

effectively.

 Have a fixed place and

time for study.
 Management of Learning

Certain rules may be followed in order to study

effectively.

 Remove distractions
 Management of Learning

Certain rules may be followed in order to study

effectively.

 Concentrate
 Management of Learning

Certain rules may be followed in order to study

effectively.

 Read the assignment

 Management of Learning

Certain rules may be followed in order to study

effectively.

 Make use of study tools

like the dictionary.
 Management of Learning

Certain rules may be followed in order to study

effectively.

 Space your learning of

different subjects so as to
avoid inhibition.
 Management of Learning

Certain rules may be followed in order to study

effectively.

 Review
Implications for
Education
 Management of Learning

 Peoplelearn in different
ways. Teachers should,
therefore, use different
strategies in teaching.
 Management of Learning

 Parentsand teachers
should help children
develop good study habits,
by supervision.
 Management of Learning

 Sincelearning is habit
formation, there should be
no exception to following
the rules of good study
habits.
 Management of Learning

 Drill
often on those things
that should be automatized
or those that will be
needed throughout life.
 Management of Learning

 The learning of any fact or

information will be easier
the more it is associated
with other things. Recall
will also be easier.
 Management of Learning

 Frequentreview will
prevent forgetting.
 Management of Learning

 Youth is the time for

study.
 Management of Learning

 Maturityis the time for

production.
 End of Report

Thank you 