Presented by: Muhammad Tahib Tahir

Presented to: Prof .Dr. M. Shahid Rafique (Dean

Faculty of Natural Sciences Humanities and Islamic
Studies)
Registration no: 2022MPhil-App-PHY-6
Subject: Energy Saving Concept Of Plasma
Automation
 A Review of Non-Thermal Plasma
Technology: A novel solution for CO2
conversion and utilization
 OBJECTIVE

 CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals or

renewable fuels, and N2 fixation from the air, to be used
for the production of small building blocks for, e.g.,
mineral fertilizers.
 INTRODUCTION

 The CO2 concentration has increased over the past hundred years.

 Problem that CO2 is responsible for roughly 55% of the total annual evolution of greenhouse
which give rise to global warming.

 Results in devastating effects to the ecosystem, like exchange in hydrological and vegetation
patterns, temperature shoot up.

 In response to these problems, the development of innovative technologies play role to reduce
CO2 emissions.
 INTRODUCTION
 Transformation of CO2 into value-added chemicals and synthetic fuels (CH 4, CO, CH3OH) and utilize them
as carbon root.

 Conversion of CO2 with CH4 is known to manufacture synthetic gas, which is the prime chemical feedstock
for the creation of oxygenates (e.g,-OH) and liquid hydrocarbons.

 Different processes for CO2 conversion to value-added chemicals, includes: thermal catalysis,
electrocatalysis, and plasma process.
 Our main focus is to used plasma process

 Selection of CO2 for storage and to employ demand conception of both of its chemical and physical
properties.
Fig.1. Renewable electricity
 NON-THERMAL PLASMA SYSTEMS

 Simple method of generating NTP is:

1. Place two electrodes in a gas and apply electric potential difference
between two electrodes.
2. Potential difference can be AC, DC or pulsed

other methods:
1. induction coil
2. microwave
 NON-THERMAL PLASMA SYSTEMS
Depending upon type of gas and method of generating plasma:
 electrons in NTP attain 10,000-100,000 k (1-10eV)

Main three types of NTP for CO2 conversion:

DBD

MW

GA
 NON-THERMAL PLASMA SYSTEMS

 Other types of NTP are

CD RF

Nanosecond
GD
pulse discharge
 DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGE (DBD)

 DBDs' uses in CO2 conversion attracted a lot of interest.

 DBD provides cheap running costs and straight forward reactor designs that for usage in
industry.

 The primary disadvantage is that it appears that the energy efficiency is only capable of
falling below 20%.

 This is due to the fact that DBDs typically produce a reduced electric field of over 100 Td.

 It results in high-energy electrons that excite and ionize neutral particles and dissociate
ground-state CO2 in a less energy-efficient.
 GLIDING ARC (GA)

 A promising plasma source that benefits both thermal and non-thermal plasma.

 Used to synthesize a variety of fuels and compounds.

 As the gas can reach a temperature of >1000 K, between the gas temperatures of thermal
and non-thermal plasmas, frequently referred to as a "warm" plasma.

 Compared to thermal or non-thermal plasmas, warm plasmas typically have higher

processing energy efficiencies for CO2 conversion.
 GLIDING ARC (GA)
 Ignition-lengthening-extinction cycle is repeatedly applied to the discharge.

 70–80% of the energy lost during the cycle is lost in the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium zone.

 Physical properties of GA have been studied to comprehend the fundamentals of GA in order to

improve GA applications, particularly in CO2 conversion.

 For example:
 High-speed photography
 Spectroscopic instruments
 Electrical measurements
 Plasma modelling
 GLIDING ARC (GA)
 There are certain disadvantages to a traditional GA system that uses two
electrodes in the shape of knives.
 MICROWAVE (MW) DISCHARGE:
 MW discharges used for scientific, medical and industrial applications produced
using electromagnetic radiation.
 Radiations are with wavelengths in the range of millimeters up to several tens of
centimeters.
 The most commonly used discharge frequency is 2.45 GHz.

 Various kinds of MW plasma discharges exist and have been used for these purposes,
such as
 surface wave discharge
 electron cyclotron resonance
 cavity induced discharges
 freely expanding atmospheric plasma discharge torches.
 MICROWAVE (MW) DISCHARGE:

 The former, surface wave discharge, is most commonly used for the
conversion of CO2.

 This is produced by passing the gas through a quartz tube that is intersected
by a waveguide.

 The plasma forms a column inside the tube.

 The microwaves spread along the interface between the plasma and the tube.

 And the plasma absorbs the wave energy to sustain itself.

MICROWAVE (MW) DISCHARGE:

 The reduced electric field of MW discharges is usually low (below 100 Td).

 So electrons with energies of around 1 eV are produced.

 As with GA , these electrons are able to populate the low energy vibrational levels of
CO2 and promote the vibrational pathway to CO 2 dissociation, which requires less
energy than the ionization or electronic excitation pathways.

 The use of MW plasma for CO2 conversion has received increasing interest in the last
few years.
Fig.2. Schematic illustration of the three plasma reactors most often used for gas
conversion applications, i.e., DBD
(a), MW plasma (b), and GA discharge, in classical configuration (c) and cylindrical
geometry, called GAP (d).
 PLASMA CO2 CONVERSION

 CO2 conversion to CO and O2

 Dry reforming of methane
 CO2 hydrogenation
 Reduction of CO2 with H2O
 Integration of plasma CO2 conversion with CO2 capture
Fig.3. Various options for CO2 capture
Fig.4. CO2 capture, direct CO2 conversion, and utilization.
 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE
PERSPECTIVES
 CO2 conversion processing for the synthesis of higher value fuels and chemicals.

 Reducing CO2 emissions to tackle global warming and climate change.

 The present existing CO2 capture technology needs improvement.

 Upscaling and commercialization to produce more complex carbon based chemicals

and fuels.

 Detailed research is required on the catalyst sensitivities to admixtures and the

performance of plasma-catalytic reactions under intricate conditions as the catalyst
plays a crucial role in reducing kinetic barriers and improving activities.