TABLE OF CONTENTS

MOTIVATION
It refers to the internal state or condition that influences behavior and gives direction in relation to physiological conditions, interest, attitudes and aspirations. A concept that stands for the underlying force impelling behavior toward a particular goal. It involves a complex interaction within the individual and the environment and the intervening variables in which he lives.

FUNCTIONS OF MOTIVATION
= ACTIVATES OR ENERGIZES THE INDIVIDUAL - a state of restlessness. Motive activate the organism into a state of readiness for behavior. = LEADS, DIRECTS AND REGULATE BEHAVIOR the directional and regulatory function is geared to the achievement of a goal, reward r incentive.

= SELECTING MECHANISM - motives have selecting function. A number responses and alternatives are available in any situation. -motives determine which responses will appropriate to satisfy the needs and lead to the incentives.

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
These are theories in motivation that would lead us to what is the real meaning of motivation in a persons life

-an instinct is a descriptive term for a complex, unlearned adaptive response, an unlearned pattern of reflexes appearing in all members of a species. -behavior in the instinct theory follows an innate pattern that allows a certain degree of flexibility in the course of development.

PSYCHOANALYTIC / DRIVE THEORY (FREUD)

- Theory that an organism is motivated to eliminate or reduce bodily tensions. - Drive refers to physiological conditions which impels the organisms to reduce or eliminate bodily tensions. - Individuals behave as they do because their early experiences drive them instinctively to do.

-The theory that if certain desirable goal can be anticipated following the completion of a particular action, in effect, the organism is likely to be motivated to perform that action. - Undesirable goal will naturally motivates the organism not to perform the action.

- An alternative to drive theory which stipulates a moderate level of stimulation is reinforcing. - Arousal is an increase in the degree of excitement or tension of the organism. - Presupposes that the moderate level of stimulation is the most pleasant and that both higher and lower levels of stimulation are relatively unpleasant.

- A state of positive feeling is followed by a contrasting negative feeling, and vise versa. -Any feeling, whether positive or negative that is experienced in succession by the organism has the tendency to loose some degree of intensity.

WHITING AND CHILD BEHAVIOR -It states that a few basic motives acquired in early infancy tend to grow excessively and rapidly into a behavior systems in later life and consequently, various kinds of observable responses are influenced by this common motive.

ASSOCIATION THEORY (THORNDIKE) - Deprivation of need will cause the individual to act to satisfy the need

HUMANISTIC OR NEED GRATIFICATION THEORY

- Maslows postulates that individual does something to satisfy deficiency needs. - Abraham Maslow devised a six- level hierarchy of motives that, determine human behavior.

- Maslows ranks human needs as follows:

= Physiological needs- these are the basic human needs including food, clothing, shelter and other necessities of life. = Security and Safety needs- these includes economic security, protection from physical dangers. = Social needs- need for love, affection, emotional needs, warmth, and friendship. = Esteem needs- ego or self-esteem, self-respect, selfconfidence, recognition. = Self- actualization- the desire for personal achievement or mission of his life.

COGNITIVE THEORY (HUNT)

- Man is rational and consciously decides what he will and will not do. - Motives, curiosity, intention, motive to achieve success and goals activate and direct the individual to action.

SELF- EFFICACY THEORY (BANDURA)

- The key to individual achievement lies with the individuals own belief in his ability to organize and execute actions required for successful performance.

SELF- DETERMINATION THEORY

- An attitude of determination is the foundation for motivated behavior. -

CLASSIFICATION OF MOTIVES

PHYSIOLOGICAL MOTIVATION
THESE ARE INBORN AND PRESENT AT BIRTH.

= NEED FOR FOOD. - Hunger is a powerful physiological motive. When the blood level of glucose or sugar falls below a certain point. The body need to restore it making the stomach hungry for food.
= NEED FOR WATER. - Thirst when the water level decrease

inside the body. The mouth and the throat tissues become dry and the nerve endings in the tissue are stimulated.

= NEED FOR SLEEP AND REST.

- Sleep and Rest varies individually. Deprivation from sleep and rest will cause physiological as well as psychological disturbances . = NEED FOR PROPER TEMPERATURE. - the need to be comfortable with the temperature in the environment. This drives varies from individual to individual considering that different bodies feels good in different desirable temperature.

SEX NEED
- Sex Drive is another physiological drive which is similar to maternal drive considering that they are essential to individual survival. - Without sexual drive there will be no reproduction that will take place in any species . However, a species can live without sexual activity even throughout the entire life without having negative physiological effect.

PAIN DRIVES
- Avoidance of pain is the drive that an individual does whenever he/she feels pain. The pain is considered as a warning by the nervous system that there is something biologically damaging occur in a particular part of the body.

MATERNAL DRIVES
- The intense motivation to care for the children It is exercise mostly by children. mothers which includes spending vast amount of time to their children, caring them and providing them with anything they need.

PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVATION

= NEED FOR AFFECTION.

- Man is a social being. It is usually

satisfied during infancy and formative years, by caring parents who provide and sustain emotional security that will determine to a large extent his personal adjustment in later life. - This need is satisfies by the development of meaningful personal relations with other groups of individual.

= NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT

- The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. - People who are high in achievement, are being motivated to do and choose challenging activities. - When success is achieved, they enjoys the fruit of their success.

= NEED FOR INDEPENDENCE.

- Man is endowed with superior intelligence and the desire to assert himself and seek freedom from restricting stimulus is innate in all organisms.

= NEED FOR STATUS.

- Number of individuals are motivated to work hard to achieve a certain level of status in life. - Status is prestige dimension, rank, power or wealth. -This type of need produces satisfaction, self- confidence, and self-worth.

= NEED FOR SECURITY.

-People seek freedom from physical danger, threat, risk and deprivation and of fear of losing a job or shelter. - People are motivated to strive from something that secures or make them safe. - Security is important in an individuals life for it stabilizes his physical, emotional, and social life.

MASLOW S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

It is based on the assumption that people are motivated to satisfy a number of needs that money can satisfy directly or indirectly.

MASLOWS MOTIVATIONAL THEORY

Self-Actualization Needs Esteem Needs Social Needs Safety Needs

PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
- Are the basic needs for sustaining life such as:

= = = = = =

Food Water Air Shelter Rest and sleep Sex.

SECURITY AND SAFETY NEEDS

= = = = = =

Security and safety Protection Comfort and peace No threats and danger Orderly and neat surroundings Assurance of long term economic well-being

SOCIAL NEEDS
= Acceptance = Feeling and belonging = Membership in group = Love and affection = Group participation

ESTEEM NEEDS = Recognition and prestige = Confidence and leadership =Competence and success = Strength and intelligence

SELFSELF - ACTUALIZATION NEED

= Self- fulfillment of potential = Doing things for the challenge of accomplishment = Intellectual curiosity = Creativity and aesthetic appreciation = Acceptance of reality

The designations positive and negative refer to behavior directed toward or away from certain objects respectively. respectively. Note also that Murray's definition of need is not confined to the biochemical requirements of the body. body.

GROUPS OF HUMAN MOTIVES

Murrays Theory of Needs

VISCEROGENIC NEEDS (PRIMARY NEEDS)

PSYCHOGENIC NEEDS (SECONDARY NEEDS)

VISCEROGENIC NEEDS

POSITIVE

NEGATIVE

Inspiration (oxygen) Water Food Sentience

Expiration (Carbon Dioxide) Urination

Defecation Sex Lactation Harm avoidance

PSYCHOGENIC NEEDS

Concerning inanimate objects

Accomplishment and prestige

Defense of Status

Power

Punishment

Acquisition
Achievement In Avoidance

Dominance

Aggression

Order
Recognition Construction
Counteraction

Difference
Abasement Autonomy