CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHIES

CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY STUDIES THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS CONCERNING HUMAN

EXISTENCE THROUGH THE EYES OF OUR INTELLECTUAL ANCESTORS. MANY THINKERS FROM
CLASSICAL TIMES WERE PIONEERS OF OUR MODERN PHILOSOPHICAL AND SCIENTIFIC IDEAS.
IDEALISM

• idealism, in philosophy, any view that stresses the central role of the ideal or the spiritual in the
interpretation of experience. It may hold that the world or reality exists essentially as spirit or
consciousness, that abstractions and laws are more fundamental in reality than sensory things, or, at
least, that whatever exists is known in dimensions that are chiefly mental—through and as ideas.
• Thus, the two basic forms of idealism are metaphysical idealism, which asserts the ideality of reality,
and epistemological idealism, which holds that in the knowledge process the mind can grasp only the
psychic or that its objects are conditioned by their perceptibility. In its metaphysics, idealism is thus
directly opposed to materialism—the view that the basic substance of the world is matter and that it is
known primarily through and as material forms and processes. In its epistemology, it is opposed to
realism, which holds that in human knowledge objects are grasped and seen as they really are—in their
existence outside and independently of the mind.
REALISM

• For the realist, the world is as it is, and the job of schools would Thus, the realism has brought great
effect in various fields of education. The aims, the curriculum, the methods of teaching the outlook
towards the child, the teachers, the discipline and the system of education all were given new blood.
Realism in education dragged the education from the old traditions, idealism and the high and low tides
to the real surface.
• REALISM IS THE REFINEMENT OF OUR COMMON ACCEPTANCE OF THE WORLD AS BEING JUST WHAT IT
APPEARS TO BE. According to it, things are essentially what they seem to be ,and, furthermore, in our
knowledge they are just the same as they were before entering our consciousness, remaining
unchanged by our experiencing them.
EXISTENTIALISM
• Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual freedom and choice, and the
inherent meaninglessness of life. It has been a popular topic in academic circles for many years but has
only recently begun to make its way into mainstream education.
PRAGMATISM
• Pragmatism in education states that learning should be focused on life and growth. The topics students
study in school should have practical applications to their current or future situations or careers. While
topics like math and science can help students in their day-to-day life, proponents of the pragmatism
philosophy also argue that other topics should be included in the curriculum to help students grow.
Schools should not only teach information, but also help students grow as people.
REFERENCES:

• https://www.classics.pitt.edu/research/ancient-philosophy-and-science#:~:text=Classical%20philosophy
%20studies%20the%20fundamental,modern%20philosophical%20and%20scientific%20ideas
.
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/idealism
• http://www.vkmaheshwari.com/WP/?p=2144
• https://ismbook.com/existentialism-in-education/
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/pragmatism-overview-practical-teaching-examples.html