Acid Rain

By Ms. Mace Derraco

The Chemistry
of Life

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“you cannot save what you
don’t understand.”
  The structure of atoms
 Biology is the study of life, and all life, in fact
even all nonlife, is made of substances.
 Chemistry – is the study of properties of
Atoms substances.
 Organisms are chemical machines, to
understand them we must learn a little
chemistry.
ATOMS

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  Mass refers to the amount of a substance
Mass and  Weight refers to the force gravity exerts
Weight on a substance.
  THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN THE
NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM
ATOMIC
NUMBER  E.G. The atomic number of carbon is 6 because
it has six protons.
 Element Symbol Atomic Mass number
number

Hydrogen H 1 1.008

Carbon C 6 12.011

Nitrogen N 7 14.007

Elements Oxygen O 8 15.999

Common in Sodium Na 11 22.989

Living Phosphorous P 15 30.974

Sulfur S 16 32.062
Organisms Chlorine Cl 17 35.453

Potassium K 19 39.098

Calcium Ca 20 40.080

Iron Fe 26 55.847
 Any substance that cannot be broken
down into any other substance by
ordinary chemical means.

Element
  The number of protons and
Mass number neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
How electrons
carry energy?

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  Atoms in which the number of electrons does
not equal the number of protons because they
have gained or lost one or more electrons.

 Cations- positively charged ions

Ions  Forms when it loses electrons

 Anions- negatively charge ions

 Forms when it gains electron from another
atom
  Atoms that have the same number of protons
but different numbers of neutrons.
Isotopes  Isotopes of an atom have the same atomic
number but differ in their mass number.
  Tracer- a radioactive substance that is taken up and used by the
body.
 E.g., PET and PET/CT ( position emission
tomography/computerized tomography) imaging procedures
can be used to identify a cancerous area in the body.
Medical Uses
of Radioactive
Isotopes

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  A fossils is any record of prehistoric life-
generally taken to mean older that
10,000 years.
Dating Fossils

 See video on Radiometric Dating p.31

  A Molecule is a group of atoms held together by energy.
 The acts as “glue” ensuring the various atoms stick together.

Molecules  Chemical bond- the energy or force holding two atoms

together. It determines the shapes of the large biological
molecules.
  Ionic bonds- where the force is generated by the attraction of
oppositely charged ions

 Covalent bonds- where the force results from the sharing of

3 principal electrons

kinds of
chemical bonds  Hydrogen bonds- where the force is generated by the attraction
of opposite partial electrical charges.
  It is called chemical bonds, form when
Ionic bonds atoms are attracted to each other by
opposite electrical charges.
 Strong chemical bond, form
between two atoms when they
share electrons.
Covalent bonds

 Pls. see video on p.32 (ebook)

(Ionic vs covalent bond)
  Week chemical bond

Hydrogen bond
 See video p. 32 (chemical bonding)
 Property Explanation
Heat storage Hydrogen bonds require considerable heat before they
break, minimizing temperature changes.

Ice formation Water molecules in an ice crystal are spaced relatively far
apart because of hydrogen bonding

Properties of
water High heat of Many hydrogen bonds must be broken for water to
vaporization evaporate

Cohesion Hydrogen bonds hold molecules of water together

High polarity Water molecules are attracted to ions and polar

compounds.