Traffic and Transportation Planning

Performance Characteristics of Bio-

Modified Bitumen

Presented by Under the guidance of

SATARLA SAI KUMAR Dr. HILLOL CHAKRAVARTY
M210333CE Assistant Professor
PG Programme (Traffic and Deportment Of Civil
Transportation Planning) Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

National Institute of Technology Calicut
1
 Overview
 Introduction Combination of bio-oil

 Need for study Objectives

Tests results of VG30 bitumen
 Literature review
Methodology
 Gaps identified
Activity chart
 Materials used References

2
 Introduction
• Bitumen is the by-product of the petroleum refining process, which is a commonly used as
binder for flexible pavement construction.

• However, the supply of bitumen has drastically declined due to the rapid depletion of petroleum
as a non-renewable resource.

• Therefore, it has become important to identify alternative resources of bitumen.

• Apart from minimising the use of bitumen, partially substituting bitumen with certain bio-based
waste materials in pavement construction can enhance pavement performance.

• The bitumen market is looking for alternatives with higher sustainability in terms of CO 2
emission.
3
 Introduction

• Waste cooking oil (WCO) have been produced in huge quantities in recent years
as a result of the improvement of society’s living standard.

• Waste oil dumping into landfills or rivers, in general, has a negative impact on the
environment since it is not processed before it is dumped.

• One of the most severe ecological issues that can arise is eutrophication, which
occurs when sunlight cannot penetrate the surface of a river because of a thin
coating of oil impeding its path.

4
 Introduction

• When eutrophication occurs in a river, the oxygen supply for marine life is
disrupted over time.

• According to the International Energy agency, India consumes 23 million tones of

edible oil every year.

• Approximately 3 million tones of oil are thrown away after usage, and this is
referred to as ‘‘used cooking oil.” Source: Arijit Kumar Banerji, et al. 2022.

5
 Need for Study
 The interest on using bio- modified bituminous binders in pavement construction has
significantly grown over the last decades due to the increasing scarcity of crude oil and
environmental concerns about the use of non-renewable natural resources.

 Utilize this bio-modified bituminous binder can be a great potential as a modifier for
bitumen binder because of similar physical properties when compared with bitumen.

6
 Literature Review
Paper: 01 Asphalt modified with biomass as ecofriendly and sustainable modifier

Author (s) and

Ragab Abd Elatawad Ahd El-Latief, 2018, Intech open
Year & Publisher

In this study they used the bio-bituminous are waste cooking oil and Bio-Polymers Bio-elastomers as a
bio-binder of asphalt, and conducted test for the Predictable overall specifications which are Rolling
Materials &
thin film oven test (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV), Rheological properties of bio-modified
Methodology
asphalt, Strength properties and cracking, Rutting performance at high-temperature, bending beam
rheometer (BBR), Fatigue performance.

• Bio-Binder modified asphalt is capable to change rheological properties of the asphalt binder which
will improve the performance against pavement distress.
Findings • The bio-binder will increase viscosity of the asphalt binder at high service temperature.
• The binder test will show that the addition of bio-oils is expected to improve the rutting
performance.

7
 Literature review
Bio-based palm oil as an additive for asphalt binder: Chemical characterization and
Paper: 02
rheological properties.

Author (s) and

Antonia Flavia Justino Uchoa et al. 2021, ELSEVIER
Year & Publisher

This study evaluated the effect of hydrogenated palm oil fat (HPF) and hydrogenated palm fat
amide (FAA) - synthesized from palm oil - on the empirical, chemical, and rheological
Materials &
properties of asphalt binder (AB). The HPF and FAA were characterized by Fourier Transform
Methodology
Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), H and C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR, Thermogravimetric
Analysis (TGA and DSC).

• The additives presented good thermal resistance for paving applications and behave as low-
viscosity modifiers, improving the workability of the asphalt binders reducing mixing and
Findings compaction temperatures.
• The additives have little effect on the rutting resistance at higher temperatures.

8
 Literature review
Paper: 03 Effect of bio-based additives on bitumen properties

Author (s) and

Grilli, et al. 2018, Road material and pavement design (Taylor & Francis)
Year & Publisher

This study investigated the effect of various chemistries, derived from Crude tall oil (CTO) distillation
process, on physical properties of a 35/50 paving grade bitumen. The effects were investigated by
Materials & means of empirical and rheological tests, This study is a broad testing overview on the effect of five
Methodology chemistries, derivate from the pine-trees, on a selected paving grade bitumen. The experimental
programme was based on empirical properties, such as penetration value and softening point
temperature, and fundamental properties such as dynamic viscosity and rheology-based behaviour.

• Generally, it can be observed that using different pine-based chemistries the physical properties of
bituminous binder can be influenced independently with either softening effect, hardening effect,
Findings
change in the temperature susceptibility.
• This study will address to new applications intended to better control the bitumen quality.

9
 Literature review
Paper: 04 Converting biomass into bio-asphalt -a review

Author (s) and Year

Z Y Mahssin et al. 2021, IOP Conference series Earth and Environmental science
& Publisher

This review discussed on the potential of converting biomass into bio-oil for the use in asphalt binder
modification. Biomass is one of most important renewable energy sources. Based on the review, it can
Materials &
be identified that hydrothermal liquefaction is an effective method for converting biomass into bio-oil.
Methodology
Tests to be conducted are softening point test, penetration test, ductility and DSR(Dynamic Shear
Rheometer)

• The results show that the bio-oil yields increase with increasing reaction temperature, however there
Findings
is a temperature limit after which a further temperature increase reduces the bio-oil yields

10
 Literature Review
Paper no : 05 Effect of Bio-Oils on Binder and Mix Properties with High RAP Binder Content

Author (s) and

Year & Rajib Saha, et al. 2020, ASCE, J. Mater. Civ. Eng
Publisher

In this study during the aging process, asphalt binder loses its strain-tolerant properties that
Materials & is, maltenes increase the ratio of asphaltenes to maltenes. To increasing the strength of RAP
Methodology used the bio-oils as a binder to the RAP(Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement). Soy oil and WCO
are used to act as a rejuvenator to the pavement. Tests to be conducted are rutting test,
fatigue test, low temperature cracking test.

• They investigated and demonstrated the potential use of bio-oils in HMA with high
Findings percentages of RAP. Two bio-oils (WCO and soy oil) that are abundant were used in the
modification of the RAP binder. Three different types of tests (i.e., rutting resistance,
fatigue cracking resistance, and low-temperature cracking resistance tests) were
performed on both binders and HMA mixes.

11
 Literature Review
Paper no : 06 Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil to Produce A Sustainable Rejuvenator for Aged
Asphalt.

Author (s) and Daniel Oldham, et al. 2020, ELSEVIER

Year &
Publisher

In this study examines the merits of esterification of waste cooking oil to reduce its acidic
Materials & content for use as a rejuvenator for aged asphalt. Tests to be conducted Acid Value Test and
Methodology Higher Heating Value, Characterization of Waste Cooking Oil Using Gas Chromatography
Mass Spectroscopy, DSR, FTIR.

• In this study the results showed that esterification of waste cooking oil effectively reduces
Findings its acidic content, which in turn enhances its resistance to moisture damage when used in
bituminous composites.

12
 Literature Review
Paper no : 07 Characterization of waste cooking oil and waste engine oil on physical properties of aged
bitumen

Author (s) and Arijit Kumar Banerji, et al. 2022, ELSEVIER

Year &
Publisher

In this study they used Waste Cooking Oil (WCO), and Waste Engine Oil (WEO) to the aged
Materials & bitumen this is very economical and it improves the society’s living standards. Tests to be
Methodology conducted penetration test, softening point test, ductility test, temperature sensitivity test.

• They find that under aged conditions, the modified binders including WCO and WEO
Findings demonstrated increased penetration values as well as reduced softening point temperatures
when compared to VG 40 bitumen.
• The modification of VG 40 bitumen with WCO and WEO resulted in bitumen with a lower
viscosity, and the use of up to 4% waste oil can be found to optimally maintain bitumen
grade.

13
 Literature Review
Paper no : 08 Polyphosphoric Acid’s synergy with bio-modified bituminous composites

Author (s) and Masoumeh Mousavi, et al. 2020, ELSEVIER

Year &
Publisher

In this study Polyphosphoric acid (PPA) is among the most common modifiers used to increase
Materials & bitumen’s elasticity, improve bitumen’s performance grade, and widen bitumen’s operative
Methodology temperature range. In this study they used five bio-modifiers are wood pellet, miscanthus, castor
oil, corn stover, and waste vegetable oil. Tests to be conducted Attenuated total reflectance
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and DSR.
• In this study they examines the synergistic interactions between polyphosphoric acid (PPA)
Findings and a group of renewable bio-modifiers used to upgrade bitumen’s properties.
• It was found that bio-modifiers made from wood pellets had the highest synergy with PPA,
and bio-modifiers made from waste vegetable oil had the least synergy with PPA.

14
 Literature Review
Paper no : 09 Analytical investigation of the impact of a novel bio-based recycling agent on the colloidal
stability of aged bitumen

Author (s) and Hassan A. Tabatabaee & Todd L. Kurth, et al. 2017, Road material and pavement design
Year & (Taylor & Francis)
Publisher

In this study utilizes chemical fractionation, differential scanning calorimetry, and atomic force
Materials & microscopy to evaluate the impact of a chemically modified vegetable oil-based recycling
Methodology agent in terms of bitumen colloidal stability and phase compatibility, commercial aromatic
petroleum-based recycling agent. Tests to be conducted are RTFO (Rolling Thin Film Oven)-
aged, 20-h pressure ageing vessel (PAV)-aged , and 40-h PAV-aged binders.
• A method was proposed for categorizing recycling agents based on the bitumen fraction
Findings most affected by the additive and the mechanism of expected effect as “Soluble Softeners”,
“Compatibilizers”, and “Insoluble Softeners.”

15
 Literature Review
Paper no : 10 Bio materials with reclaimed asphalt: from lab mixes properties to non-damaged full
scale monitoring and mechanical simulation

Author (s) and Juliette Blanc, et al. 2019, Road material and pavement design (Taylor & Francis)
Year &
Publisher

In this study their motive to maximize the RP( reclaimed pavement) to minimize the cost and
Materials & sustainable. Epoxidized Soybean Soyate (EMS) is used as a rejuvenator to the RP. Tests to be
Methodology conducted Accelerated pavement test, Comparison of measurements with elastic and
viscoelastic simulation.

• The field-measured strains are above the lab fatigue criteria . It means that load conditions
Findings are high enough to damage the structures by fatigue phenomenon. This result validates the
initial structural design.

16
 Literature Review
Paper no : 11 General Rheological Properties of Fractionated Switchgrass Bio-Oil as a Pavement
Material

Author (s) and Mohamed Abdel Raouf, et al. 2010, Road Materials and Pavement Design (EATA)
Year &
Publisher

Materials & In this study they used bio-mass into bio-oil (switchgrass) by pyrolysis. Tests to be
Methodology conducted Temperature dependency or susceptibility, Shear dependency or susceptibility.

• The bio-oil blends generally show the same behavior as the bitumen binders in the sense
Findings of increasing the temperature led to a decrease in the viscosity for all blends.

17
 Literature Review
Paper no : 12 Source dependency of rheological and surface characteristics of bio-modified asphalts

Author (s) and Ellie H. Fini, et al. 2017, Road material and pavement design (Taylor & Francis)
Year &
Publisher

In this study they used woody biomass, waste cooking oil, and bio-oil from animal manure
Materials & (swine manure) as a bio-modifiers. Tests to be conducted are DSR, Attenuated total
Methodology reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Surface tension.

• In this study it should be noted that each bio-modifier affects asphalt’s physicochemical
Findings and morphological properties differently, especially when exposed to oxidative ageing,
such effects mainly depend on the bio-modifier’s source and processing methods.

18
 Literature Review
Paper no : 13 Partial replacement of asphalt binder with bio-binder: characterisation and modification

Author (s) and Elham H. Fini, et al. 2012, International Journal of Pavement Engineering (Taylor & Francis)
Year &
Publisher

In this study swine manure to bio-oil as asphalt binder. Tests to be conducted are Viscosity
Materials & measurement, Complex shear modulus (G*) and phase angle (d) by DSR, Creep stiffness and
Methodology m value, Cracking temperature.

• In this study it shows that as the percentage of bio-binder increases, the viscosity at high
Findings temperature decreases. The addition of bio-binder reduces the cracking temperature as the
amount of bio-binder increases.

19
 Literature Review
Paper no : 14 Waste Cooking Oil as a Sustainable Bio Modifier for Asphalt Modification: A Review

Author (s) and Zafreen Elahi, et al. 2021, MDPI

Year &
Publisher

In this study Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) as a bio-modifier for asphalt modification. Multiple
Materials & stress creep recovery (MSCR) and linear amplitude sweep (LAS),FTIR these tests are
Methodology conducted in this study.

• In this study they conformed that concentration and quality of the WCO have a major
Findings impact on the properties of filtered WCO-modified asphalt binder. As the incremental dose
of WCO introduces additional lighter oil components, the physical, rheological, and
mixture performance are greatly influenced. However, at lower temperature, addition of
WCO enhance the binder flexibility, thus leading to improved thermal and fatigue
resistance.

20
 Literature Review
Paper no : 15 Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Binder Modified by Bio-oil Generated from Waste
Wood Resources

Author (s) and Xu Yang, et al. 2013, Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering
Year &
Publisher

In this study the three types of bio-oils are original bio-oil (OB), de-watered bio-oil (DWB)
Materials & and polymer modified bio-oil (PMB) as a asphalt binder. Tests to be conducted are Rotational
Methodology Viscometer (RV) Test, Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) Test, Rolling Thin Film Oven
(RTFO) Test, Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) test, Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) Test, High
and Low Critical Temperatures.
• The addition of bio-oil can reduce the rotational viscosity of virgin asphalt binders, and
Findings hence can reduce the mixing temperature.
• The addition of bio-oil can increase the |G*|/sinδ and improve the high temperature
performance of asphalt binders.

21
 Literature Review
Paper no : 16 Preparation of bio-bitumen by bio-oil based on free radical polymerization and
production process optimization

Author (s) and Zhaojie Sun, et al. 2018, ELSEVIER Journal of Cleaner Production
Year &
Publisher

Materials & In this study they used bio-oil, Initiator, accelerator, solvent as a bio-modified bituminous
Methodology materials. Tests to be conducted are FTIR test, Rotational viscosity test, Dynamic shear
rheometer test.
• The optimal bio-bitumen production process prepared from bio-oil derived from waste
Findings cooking oil entails a mixed solution of bio-oil solution, initiator, and accelerator solution
with mass proportions of 100:1:2, reacting at 100 C for 2 h.
• The bio-bitumen prepared by bio-oil derived from waste cooking oil with the chemical
synthetic method is a promising substitute for traditional petroleum bitumen in
infrastructure engineering.

22
 Literature Review
Paper no : 17 Rheological Characteristics of Reacted and Activated Rubber Modified Asphalt Binder

Author (s) and Siyu Chen, et al. 2019, ASCE (Airfield and Highway Pavements)
Year &
Publisher

In this study they used Reacted and Activated Rubber (RAR) treated crumb rubber through a
Materials & reacted rubber technology as a bio-modified bitumen. Tests to be conducted are Rotational
Methodology Viscosity, rutting and fatigue, Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) test, Low Temperature
Cracking .

• The viscosity of RAR modified asphalt binder increased, with the addition of RAR. The
Findings viscosity slightly increased from control binder to 25% RAR modified binder, while it
dramatically increased after adding 35% to 40% RAR into the binder. The 40% RAR
modified binder can have 70 times higher viscosity value than the control binder.

23
 Literature Review
Evaluation of the properties of asphalt mix modified with Diatomite and lignin fiber:
Paper no: 18
review 
Author (s) and
Yan chao Yue et al. 2019, Multidisciplinary Digital publishing institute (MDPI)
Year & Publisher

This paper intends to review the utilization of diatomite and lignin fibre in asphalt mixes
modification to improve the performance of asphalt mixes and decrease pavement damage
Materials &
like rutting, thermal cracking, and water damage. In addition, many tests that were carried out
Methodology
to evaluate the efficiency of diatomite or lignin fibre on improvement of high temperature,
low temperature, and water stability performance of asphalt mixes, were reviewed.

• Diatomite significantly enhances the high temperature performance of asphalt mixes,

• The low-temperature crack resistance of asphalt mixes is increased by the addition of
lignin fibre, and slightly improves the high temperature rutting resistance of asphalt mixes.
• Diatomite and lignin fibre have an important effect on water damage resistance in asphalt
Findings mixes.
• According to previous studies, it is noted that the optimum amount of diatomite &lignin is
12–14%, 0.2–0.4% per asphalt mix composition.
• Double-adding technology in asphalt mixes is the best alternative to decrease low
temperature cracking and rutting at high temperatures at the same time. 24
 Literature Review
Evaluation of the additives behavior to determine the best modifier for improving asphalt
Paper no: 19
performance at high temperature
Author (s) and Year
Ismail bakheit, huang xiaoming et al. 2021, ResearchGate
& Publisher

Study aims to examine the physical and rheological properties at the high-temperature range of 52, 58,
64, 70, 76, and 82°C, utilizing adjusted asphalt binders. Three kinds of asphalt modifiers were selected
Materials & such as styrene-butadiene-styrene, ethylene vinyl acetate, and end of life tires. The selected additives
Methodology were implemented with different contents ranging from 4% to 7% by the weight of neat asphalt.
Various test methods have been established, such as ductility, viscosity, microscopic inspection, and
dynamic shear rheometer experiments.
• The increase in viscosity with the addition of 7% ELTs was 14% and 28% more than viscosity with
addendum of 7% EVA and SBS,
• ductility was reduced from 150 cm to 11, 18, and 14 cm by adding 7% of ELTs, SBS, and EVA,
Findings respectively.
• Rutting parameter and complex shear modulus were incremented with an increase of modifier
concentration and reduced with temperature increase.

25
 Literature Review
Paper no: 20 Effect of furfural on asphalt binder ageing characteristics

Author (s) and

Fini et al. 2015, Road material & pavement design
Year & Publisher
• This paper investigates the effect of introducing furfural as an antioxidant for asphalt by
evaluating the extent of oxidation ageing in asphalt specimens modified by 1%, 2% and 5%
furfural. To do so, furfural was introduced to asphalt and the level of change in physiochemical
and rheological properties of asphalt after specimens were exposed to short- and long-term ageing
Materials &
was examined.
Methodology
• Accordingly, performance characteristics of the base asphalt were com- pared with those of
furfural-modified asphalts using a rotational viscometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
and a dynamic shear rheometer to evaluate the rheological properties of asphalt modified with
furfural at different percentages.
• The study results showed that the addition of furfural helped reduce the extent of oxidative ageing
while enhancing high-temperature performance of asphalt binder.
Findings
• Specifically, it was found that the 2% furfural modification had the lowest ageing index after
ageing, indicating an improvement in binder oxidative ageing.
26
 Gap Identified

 Further works must be carried out to study new design of bio-modified bituminous
binder, with specific characteristics to favour the performance of bitumen binders in
paving applications, different concentrations of the bio-modified bitumen should be
tested.

The rheological behaviour of various modified bitumen can be compared to check

the performance of the binder.

 A combination of bio-modified bituminous modifiers can be studied.

27
 Materials To Be Used

• Coconut Oil: Coconut oil an edible oil

extracted from dry coconuts. Which is most
commonly used for cooking in Kerala.
(Source: walkthroughindia.com).

• Peanut Oil or Groundnut Oil: Peanut oil is

known as Groundnut oil derived from
peanuts. This oil is most commonly used in
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.
(Source: walkthroughindia.com). Most common type of edible oil used for
cooking in India.(source:localcircles.com)

28
 Combination Of Bio-Oils
Coconut Oil (%) Peanut or Groundnut Oil (%)

0 100

25 75

50 50

75 25

100 0

29
 Objectives
The objectives of the study are to

 Identify the suitable bio-modifiers for improving the performance characteristics of

bituminous binder.

 Evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of bituminous binder with and
without bio-modified bitumen.

 Obtain the optimum dosage of bio-modifier for bitumen with improved rut
resistance and fatigue life of bituminous binder.

30
 Test results of VG30 bitumen

Mean Permissible
S. No. Property Test Method
values values

1 Penetration value at 25 °C (0.1 mm) 60.91 50-70 IS:1203-1978

2 Softening point (°C) 42.7 Min 47 IS:1205-1978

3 Ductility at 25 °C (cm) 82 Min 40 IS:1208-1978

4 Specific gravity at 27 °C 1.007 0.92-1.02 IS:1202-1978

All results are satisfactory and within the limits, except softening point.

31
 Methodology
Literature review
Material selection
Tests on Bitumen
Preparation of bitumen and
bio-modified bituminous
binders
• Need for the
study(biomodified-
bituminous binders)
• Formulation of objectives
& scope
Identification of suitable bio-
modifier

Using shear mixer at Tests on modified bitumen

a shear rate of 4000
rpm and 135 o C & Analysis of test results and Rheological Chemical
160 o C temperature comparisons properties Analysis
for 10 minutes.
Determination of Optimum
dosage
Conclusions &
32
Recommendations
 Tests to be conducted

Tests on Bio- modified bitumen

Physical Properties
Chemical properties
Rheological properties
Penetration test
IS:1203-1978 Fourier Transform Infrared
Rotational viscosity Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Dynamic Shear Rheometer ASTM D4402 (To evaluate non-recovery
Softening point
(DSR) characteristics of the bitumen)
test
IS:1205-1978
Multiple Stress Creep Recovery
(MSCR)
Ductility test Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
( and % R )
(Shape, size and texture of particle)
IS:1208-1978
Frequency sweep and Linear
Amplitude Sweep (LAS)
Specific Gravity test Rutting G*/Sinδ
IS:1202-1978 Fatigue G*x Sinδ

33
 Tests to be conducted

Aging Characteristics Of Bio-

modified bitumen

Rolling Thin Film Oven Pressure aging vessel

Test (RTFOT) (PAV)
(Short term aging) (Long term aging)
 Activity Chart
2022

Activity Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Problems identifications

Literature review

Objectives and Methodology

Experiments and Validations

Analysis of the data

Completed Ongoing To be Started

35
 References
 Ragab Abd Elatawad Ahd El-Latief, 2018, Asphalt modified with biomass as ecofriendly and sustainable modifier, Intech
open.
 A. Flávia Justino Uchoa, W. da Silva Rocha, J. Peter Macedo Feitosa, 9th march 2021, Bio-based palm oil as an additive for
asphalt binder, ELSEVIER, Construction and Building Materials 285 (2021) 122883.
 Andrea Grilli, Laura Iori & Laurent Porot, 2018, Effect of bio-based additives on bitumen properties, Road Materials and
Pavement Design, 20:8, 1864-1879.
 Z Y Mahssin,N Abdul Hassan, H Yaacob, M H Puteh, C R Ismail, R Putra Jaya, M Mohammad Zainol and M Z H Mahmud,
2021, Converting biomass into bio-asphalt -a review,IOP Conference series Earth and Environmental sciences.
 Rajib Saha, S.M.ASCE ; Robeam S. Melaku, S.M.ASCE , Bishal Karki , Anthony Berg, and Daba S. Gedafa, Ph.D., P.E.,
M.ASCE, Effect of Bio-Oils on Binder and Mix Properties with High RAP Binder Content, J. Mater. Civ. Eng, ASCE,
2020.
 Daniel Oldham, Amirul Rajib, Kodanda Phani Raj Dandamudi, Yixin Liu, Shuguang Deng, Elham H. Fini,
Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil to Produce A Sustainable Rejuvenator for Aged Asphalt, Resources, Conservation
& Recycling, Elsevier, 2021.
 Arijit Kumar Banerji, Dibakar Chakraborty, Aparajita Mudi, Priyanka Chauhan, Characterization of waste cooking oil and
waste engine oil on physical properties of aged bitumen, Materials Today: Proceedings, Elsevier, 2022.

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 References
 Masoumeh Mousavi, Sk Faisal Kabir, Elham H. Fini, Polyphosphoric Acid’s synergy with bio-modified bituminous composites
Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, 2021.
 Hassan A. Tabatabaee & Todd L. Kurth, Analytical investigation of the impact of a novel bio-based recycling agent on the colloidal
stability of aged bitumen, Road Materials and Pavement Design, Taylor and Francis Group, 2017.
 Juliette Blanc, Emmanuel Chailleux, Pierre Hornych, R. Christopher Williams, Davide Lo Presti, Ana Jimenez Del Barco Carrion, Laurent
Porot, Jean-Pascal Planche & Simon Pouget, Bio materials with reclaimed asphalt: from lab mixes properties to non-damaged full scale
monitoring and mechanical simulation, Road Materials and Pavement Design, Taylor and Francis Group, 2019.
 Mohamed Abdel Raouf, Christopher R. Williams, General Rheological Properties of Fractionated Switchgrass Bio-Oil as a Pavement
Material, Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2010.
 Ellie H. Fini, Shahrzad Hosseinnezhad, Daniel J. Oldham, Emmanuel Chailleux & Vincent Gaudefroy, Source dependency of rheological
and surface characteristics of bio-modified asphalts, Road Materials and Pavement Design, Taylor and Francis Group, 2016.
 Elham H. Finia, Imad L. Al-Qadib, Zhanping You, Boubacar Zadad and J. Mills-Beale, Partial replacement of asphalt binder with bio-
binder: characterisation and modification, Road Materials and Pavement Design, Taylor and Francis Group, 2012.
 Zafreen Elahi, Fauzan Mohd Jakarni, Ratnasamy Muniandy, Salihudin Hassim, Mohd Shahrizal Ab Razak, Anwaar Hazoor Ansariand
Mohamed Meftah Ben Zair, Waste Cooking Oil as a Sustainable Bio Modifier for Asphalt Modification: A Review, MDPI,
Sustainability, 2021.

37
 References
 Xu Yang, Zhanping You, and Qingli Dai, Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Binder Modified by Bio-oil Generated
from Waste Wood Resources, International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, Chinese Society of Pavement
Engineering, 2013.
 Zhaojie Sun, Junyan Yi, Decheng Feng, Cor Kasbergen, Athanasios Scarpas, Yiming Zhu, Preparation of bio-bitumen by
bio-oil based on free radical polymerization and production process optimization, Journal of Cleaner Production,
Elsevier, 2018.
 Siyu Chen, S.M.ASCE, Dongdong Ge, Zhanping You, M.ASCE3, and Aboelkasim Diab, Rheological Characteristics of
Reacted and Activated Rubber Modified Asphalt Binder, Airfield and Highway Pavements, ASCE, 2019.
 Yanchao Yue, Moustafa Abdelsalam, Dong Luo, Ahmed Khater, Josephine Musanyufu and Tangbing Chen, Evaluation of
the Properties of Asphalt Mixes Modified with Diatomite and Lignin Fiber: A Review, Materials, ASCE, 2019.
 Ismail Bakheit Eldouma and Huang Xiaoming, Evaluation of the Additives’ Behaviour to Determine the Best Modifier
for Improving Asphalt Performance at High Temperature, Advances in Civil Engineering, Hindawi, 2021.
 Ellie H. Fini, Felix Smith Buabeng, Taher Abu-Lebdeh & Faisal Awadallah, Effect of introduction of furfural on asphalt
binder ageing characteristics, Road Materials and Pavement Design, Taylor and Francis Group, 2015.

38
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