Nanotechnology

The Study Of Manipulating

Matter on an atomic scale.

Presented By :-

Fawzan Md
 Contents

Disadvantag Future
Introduction es Scopes

History Advantages Conclusion

Nanomateria
ls Applications
 INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology is It refers to the A Nanometer is one

the study of constructing and billionth of a meter, roughly
engineering of the the width of three or four
manipulating functional systems at very atoms. The average human
matter on an atomic micro level or we can say hair is 25,000 nanometers
scale. at atomic level wide.
 Nano & Technology

∙ Technology is the
∙ A Nanometer is a unit of making, usage, and
length in the metric knowledge of tools,
system, equal to one machines and techniques,
billionth of a meter (10^- in order to solve a
9) problem or perform a
specific function.
 How Small
Is nanoscale
Why Usual size
and nano size
have different
properties ??
 Quantum Size Effect

•This effect does not come into play by going from macro to
micro to micro dimensions, However , quantum effects can
become significant when the nanometer size range is reached ,
typically at distances of 100 nanometers or less
 History
•1981 IBM develops
Scanning Tunneling
•The First Ever Concept was •The Term “Nano- Microscope. This
represented in 1959 by the famous Technology” had Microscope evolved to
professor of physics Dr. Richard been invented by allow the manipulation of
P. Feynman. individual atoms and
Norio Taniguchi 1974 molecules in the field of
Nanotechnology

Dr. Richard P. Feynman.

“There’s plenty of room at the bottom”
 Conti.
.
•1985 - Bucky ball(C60) were discovered by Professors Richard E. Smalley
and Robert F. Curl, of Rice University, Houston, USA, and Professor Sir Harold
W. Kroto, of the University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K., while performing
experiments aimed at understanding the mechanisms by which long-chain
carbon-nitrogen molecules.
•1987 -
First single
electron
transistor
created
•1991 - Carbon
nanotube discovered
by Sumio Iijima
Bucky ball(C60) ( Japanese physicist )
Carbon nanotube
Conti.
.

•The Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1996 was awarded jointly to Robert F. Curl
Jr., Sir Harold and Richard E. Samlley“ for their discovery of fullerenes”

•2000 - US launches national nanotechnology initiative.

•2002 – ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute) established nano

research center.

•The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 was awarded jointly to Andre Geim and
Konstantin Novoselov "for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two
dimensional material graphene ( Nano Material)"
 Approaches in Nanotechnology
1. •In the bottom up approach
Bottom different materials and
devices are constructed
up:- from molecular
components of their own.
They chemically assemble
themselves by recognizing
the molecules of their own
breed.

•Examples of
molecular self
assembly are
Watson crick
base pairing,
nanolithograph
y
 Approaches in Nanotechnology

2. Top
down:- •Creating Nano-scale
materials by physically
or chemically breaking
down larger materials

•In top down approach

nano objects and
materials are created by
larger entities without
bouncing its atomic
reactions usually top
down approach is
practiced less as
compared to the bottom
up approach.
 Tools & Technology

• There are two

types of • Atomic Force Microscope
microscopes are • Scanning Tunneling Microscope
used in
These scanning probes That Launched nanotechnology
nanotechnology

• Various • Optical Lithography

techniques of • X-Ray Lithography
nano • Din Pin Lithography
lithography such • Electron beam Lithography
as ➼
 Atomic Force Microscope
• AFM is a scanning microscope which probes a sample
surface, It consists a tip positioned at the end of cantilever
and an optical system using a laser to detect the tip deflection.

• When the tip is brought into contact with

the sample and moved along it's surface, the
laser deviation allows to measure the sample
profile.
• It allows to visualize
the topography of the
surface down to atomic
resolution.
 Scanning Tunneling Microscope

It consists a metallic tip with applied voltage , This tip is

brought near the surface sample which is having no. of
atoms.

When the voltage is applied between tip and sample surface,

electrons are extracted from the surface by quantum
tunneling , This creates an electrical current between the tip
and the surface of the sample.

Tunneling occurs only at very short distance, when the tip

lies on top of an atom, By drawing the current intensity
versus the location, one can deduce the position of the atoms
of the metals surface down to a resolution 0.1 nanometer.
Tunneling microscope can also be used for spectroscopy.
 Scanning Tunneling Microscope

With the help of STM we can

move atoms from one location to
another location therefore it
allows to reconstruct the image of
surface with atomic resolution.

It can manipulate individual atoms.

This microscope only used for

conductive and semi conductive
samples.
 Carbon Nanotubes

Properties
Highest strength to
weight ratio, helps in
creating light weight
spacecrafts.
Easily penetrate membranes
such as cell walls. Helps in
cancer treatment.
Electrical resistance changes significantly when other
molecules attach themselves to the carbon atoms.
Helps in developing sensors that can detect chemical
vapours.
 Carbon Nanotubes

Application

• Easton-Bell Sports, Inc. using

CNT in making bicycle
component.
• Zyvex Technologies using CNT
for manufacturing of light weight
boats.
• Replacing transistors from the silicon
chips as they are small and emits less heal.
• In electric
cables and wires
• In
solar Carbon nanotube
cells
• In
fabrics
 Nanorods (quantum dots)

• Nanorods are one morphology of

nanoscale objects. Dimensions range from
1-100 nm.

• They may be synthesized from metals or

semiconducting materials.

• A combination of ligands act as shape control agents

and bond to different lacets of the nanorod with
different strengths. This allows different faces of the
nanorod to grow at different rates, producing an
clongated object.
 Nanorods (quantum dots)

Uses

• In display technologies, because the

reflectivity of the rods can be changed by
changing their orientation with an applied
electric field.
• In microelectromechanical systems
(MEMS).

• In cancer therapeutics.
Graphene

Pure Carbon in a form of a

very thin , Nearly
transparent sheet, one atom
thick.

Conducts heat and

electricity with great
efficiency.

Strong for its very low

weight 100 times stronger
than steel
 Aerogel

Lightest solid
material in the
world
High Thermal
insulation power

92.8% air
The lowest-density
silica nanofoam weighs
1,000 g/m3
Application of Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology in Drugs(Cancer)
Enable drugs to be
delivered to precisely the
Provide new options for right location in the body
drug delivery and drug and release drug doses
therapies. on a predetermined
schedule for optimal
treatment.

They become localized at

Attach the drug to a
the disease site, i.e.
nanosized carrier.
cancer tumour.

Then they release Current treatment is

medicine that kills the through radiotherapy or
tumour. chemotherapy.
 Nanotechnology in Fabrics

The properties of familiar

materials are being changed by
manufacturers who are adding
nano-sized components to
conventional materials to
improve performance.

For example, some clothing

manufacturers are making water
Making spill & dirt
and stain repellent clothing using In manufacturing resistant,
nano-sized whiskers in the fabric
that cause water to bead up on
bullet proof jackets. antimicrobial,
the surface. antibacterial fabrics.
 Nanotechnology in Mobile

Morph, A Nanotechnology Concept Device Developed By Nokia Research Centre (NRC) And The
University Of Cambridge (UK).

The Morph Will Be Super Hydrophobic Making It Extremely Dirt Repellent.

It Will Be Able To Charge Itself From Available Light Sources Using Photovoltaic Nanowire Grass
Covering It’s Surface.

Nanoscale Electronics Also Allow Stretching. Nokia Envisage That A Nanoscale Mesh Of Fibers Will
Allow Our Mobile Devices To Be Bent, Stretched And Into Any Number Of Conceivable Shapes.
 Nanotechnology in Electronics

• Nanolithography is used for fabrication of chips.

Electrodes made from

nanowires enable flat
panel
• The transistors are made of nanowires, displays
that are toor thin
assembled on glass befilms of
flexible as well as
flexible plastic.

thinner than current flat

panel displays.
• E-paper, displays on sunglasses and map on car windshields.
 Nanotechnology in Computers

The silicon transistors in computer may be replaced by

transistors based on carbon nanotubes. A carbon nanotube
is a molecule in form of a hollow cylinder with a diameter
of around a nanometer which consists of pure carbon.

Nanorods is a upcoming technology in the displays

techniques due to less consumption of electricity and less
heat emission

Researchers al North Carolina State University says that

growing arrays of magnetic nanoparticles, called nanodots.
 Advantages

Material With NT, we

can create unique
Industrial
materials and products
which are:
• Stronger • Computers can
• Lighter become a billion times
• Durable faster and a million
• Precise times smaller
• Automatic Pollution
Cleanup
 Advantages

Medical

• End of Illnesses (i.e. cancer, heart

disease)
• Universal Immunity (i.e. aids, flu)
• Body Sculpting (i.e. change your
appearance)
 Disadvantages

Atomic weapons
Loss of jobs (in Carbon Nanotubes
could be more
manufacturing, could cause infection
accessible and
farming, etc) of lungs
destructive
 Future Scopes
Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture lighter, stronger, and
programmable materials that
• require less energy to produce than conventional material
• and that promise greater fuel efficiency in land transportation, ships, aircraft, and space
vehicles.
The future of
nanotechnology
could very well
include the use of
nanorobotics
These nanorobots have the potential to take on
human tasks as well as tasks that humans could
never complete. The rebuilding of the depleted
ozone layer could potentially be able to be
performed.
There would be an entire
nano surgical field to help
cure everything from natural
aging to diabetes to bone
spurs.
 Conclusion

• Nanotechnology with all its challenges and

opportunities will become a part of our future.

• The researchers are optimistic for the

products based upon this technology.

• Nanotechnology is slowly but steadily

ushering in the new industrial revolution.
The End