Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Frame Structure, Overheads and Pointers

Muhammad Zeeshan
 SDH Overview
SDH Frame Structure
SDH Multiplexing
Overhead
Pointers

2
SDH OVERVIEW
 SDH – Definition

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is a standard

which is developed by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU)
It is documented in standard G.707 and its extension G.708
It was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts of
telephone and data traffic and to allow for interoperability
between equipment from different vendors

4
 Limitation of PDH

INTERFACES:
Electrical interfaces
There are only regional standards, instead of universal standards

Optical interfaces
No unified standards for optical line equipments, manufacturers
develop equipment according to their own standards

5
 Standardization of optical interface
PDH: the electric interface is a standard interface, but the optical
interface is not a standard interface

PDH Network
Standard electric interface

Manufacturer Manufacturer Manufacturer

A B B

Special PDH optical signal

2Mbit/s or 34Mbit/s

6
 Limitations of PDH

MULTIPLEXING METHOD:
Asynchronous Multiplexing
Code rate justification is required for matching and
accepting clock difference
The locations of the low-rate signals in high-rate signals
are not regular nor fixed

7
 Limitations of PDH
Japanese Series North American Series European Series

1.6Gb/s 565Mb/s
×4 ×4
400Mb/s 274Mb/s 139Mb/s
×4 ×4
100Mb/s ×6 34Mb/s
×3 ×4
×3 8Mb/s
32Mb/s 45Mb/s
×5 ×7
6.3Mb/s 6.3Mb/s

×4 ×3 ×4
×4
1.5Mb/s 2Mb/s
×24 ×30

64Kb/s

8
 Limitations of PDH
Adding and Dropping in PDH

Optical/Electrical Electrical/Optical
140/34 Mb/s 34/140Mb/s

34/8 Mb/s 8/34 Mb/s

demultipexing
multiplexing
8/2 Mb/s 2/8 Mb/s

2 Mb/s
9
 Limitations of PDH

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE (OAM)

PDH signal frame structure has very few overhead bytes
for Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)

NETWORK MANAGEMENT INTERFACE

No universal network management interface for PDH
network

10
 Advantages of SDH over PDH

INTERFACE
Electrical interfaces
SDH provides a set of standard rate levels----STM-N.

(N= 4n =1, 4, 16, 64……).

The basic signal transmission structure level is STM-1, at a rate of
155Mb/s

Optical interfaces
Optical interfaces adopt universal standards. Line coding of SDH
signals involves scrambling, instead of inserting redundancy codes

11
 Standardization of optical interface

SDH has standard optical interface

SDH Network
Standard optical interface
Manufacturer
Manufacturer
A
B
Uniform STM-N optical signal

12
 Advantages of SDH over PDH

MULTIPLEXING METHOD
Low-rate SDH signals → high-rate SDH
Signals via byte interleaved multiplexing method

PDH signals → SDH

Synchronous multiplexing method and flexible mapping structure

13
 SDH Multiplexing
STM-N
×N
STM-256
×4
STM-64
×4
STM-16
×4
STM-4
×4
STM-1

STM-1, 2, 34, 140 Mb/s

14
 SDH Signals and Data Rates

SDH Signals Bit rate(Mb/s)

STM-1 155.520 or 155M

STM-4 622.080 or 622M

STM-16 2488.320 or 2.5G

STM-64 9953.280 or 10G

STM: Synchronous Transport Module

SDH higher-rate signal (STM-4,16,64) is exactly 4 times that

of the lower-rate signal (STM-1)
15
 Adding and dropping in SDH
SDH: Economical and easy way for network!

155Mbit/s 155Mbit/s
ADM
Optical interface Optical interface

2Mbit/s
Electric signal

16
 Advantages of SDH over PDH

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

Abundant overhead bits are used for OAM.
Unnecessary to add redundancy bits to monitor line
performance during line coding

COMPATIBILITY
SDH network and the existing PDH network can work
together
SDH network can accommodate the signals of other hierarchies
such as ATM, FDDI, and Ethernet

17
SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
 STM-N Frame Structure

For the convenience of signal analysis, the frame

structures of the signals are often illustrated as block
frame structures
The frame structure of PDH signals, ATM signals and
data packets of IP network are also block frames
The frame of E1 signals is a block frame of 1 Rows x
32 Columns consisting of 32 Bytes

19
 STM-1 Frame Structure
125 μs
1
RSOH
3
4 P
AU-PTR STM-N payload
9 Rows 5 O
H (including POH)
MSOH

9
9 261
270 Columns
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
MSOH: Multiplex Section Overhead
POH: Path Overhead
AUPTR: Administrative Unit Pointer

20
 STM-N Frame Structure
125 μs
1
RSOH
3
4 P
AU-PTR STM-N payload
9 Rows 5 O
H (including POH)
MSOH

9
9×N 261×N
270×N
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead Columns
MSOH: Multiplex Section Overhead
POH: Path Overhead
AUPTR: Administrative Unit Pointer

21
 SDH Frame Structure - ANATOMY

Transmission rate of single byte of STM-N frame:

STM-N frame contains 2430xN Bytes and each frame is
transmitted every 125 μs
That means a given byte is transmitted 8000 times a second
Transmission rate of a single byte:
8000 x 8 = 64 Kbps

Transmission rate of a STM-1 frame:

9 rows x 270 columns x 8000 frames/s x 8 bits = 15,55,20,000 bps
= 155.52 Mbps

22
 1st
Byte
STM-1 Frame Transmission
1 270

271 540

2430th
Byte

2161 2430
Transmission Direction

1st Byte of
STM frame # 1
Transmission Mode: Byte-by-Byte, Last byte of
STM frame # 1
From Left to right & top to bottom

STM-1 Frame # 1 1st Byte

STM Frame # 2

23
 SDH Frame Structure

Payload – area for services transmission in STM-N

2M, 34M, and 140M signals are packed and carried
in the payload of STM-N frame over SDH network
Path Overhead (POH) – after packing low rate
signals, POH is added for OAM of every frame

24
 SDH Frame Structure

Section Overhead (SOH) – monitors the whole STM-

N frame
Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) – monitors the
whole STM-N frame.
Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) – monitors each
STM-1 of the STM-N frame.

RSOH, MSOH, and POH compose the integrated

monitoring system of SDH.

25
 SDH Network – NE Types

Terminal Multiplexer (TM)

Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
Regenerator (REG)

26
 Regenerator

Regenerator has the job of regenerating the clock and amplitude

relationships of the incoming data signals that have attenuated
and distorted by dispersion
The regenerator replaces the RSOH bytes before re-transmitting
the signal

STM-N
Regenerator STM-N

27
 Terminal Multiplexer

Terminal multiplexers are used to combine

plesiochronous and synchronous input signals into
higher bit rate STM-N signals

PDH

SDH STM-N
Terminal Multiplexer

28
 Add / Drop Multiplexer

PDH and SDH signals can be extracted from or

inserted into high speed SDH bit streams by means of
ADMs
STM-N STM-N
Towards other NEs Towards other NEs
Add / Drop Multiplexer

ATM IP SDH PDH

Customers

29
 Sections in the SDH Network
There are three sections in the SDH
Path
Multiplex Section
Regenerator Section

The overheads are always generated at the beginning of a

section and only evaluated at the end of a section
Path
Multiplex Section

Terminal Add/Drop
REG REG Terminal
Multiplexer Multiplexer REG
Multiplexer

Regenerator Section

30
 Overhead Layer

Payload Payload
POH Path Path
MSOH Section Section
Optical Fiber Cable
RSOH Optical Optical

31
 How to understand SOH and POH?
Both SOH and POH are OAM bytes added to ensure correct and
flexible transmission of signals
SOH and POH are used in different layers to supervise and
administrate the signals. RSOH and MSOH are used in RS and MS
separately, but HPOH and LPOH are used for VC-3/VC4 and VC12
LPOH----used to supervise small package (VC-12)
HPOH----used to supervise big package (VC-3 / VC-4)
MSOH----used to supervise the “carriage”(STM-1) of the “truck”
RSOH----used to supervise the motorcade formed by trucks (STM-4/16/64)

32
 SDH Frame Structure

AU Pointer (AU-PTR)
Used for alignment of lower rate signals in the payload of STM-N
frame to accurately locate the payload
AU-PTR is added in transmitting end, when the signal is packed
into the payload of STM-N frame
At receiving end, the low rate signal is dropped from STM-N
frame according to the AU-PTR value
Low-rate signals in the STM frame are arranged obeying some
rules – byte interleave; so only have to locate the first low-rate
signal in the STM frame

33
SDH MULTIPLEXING
 SDH Multiplexing

SDH Multiplexing includes:

Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1  STM-N)
PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M  STM-N)
Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (ATM  STM-N)

35
 SDH Multiplexing Structure
×1 Mapping
STM-64 AUG-64
Aligning
×4
×1 Multiplexing
STM-16 AUG-16
×4 Pointer processing
×1
STM-4 AUG-4

×4
×1 ×1
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 139264 kbit/s

×3

×1 34368
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3
kbit/s
×7
TUG-2

TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2048 kbit/s

×3

36
 Mapping, Aligning and Multiplexing
Low-rate tributaries are multiplexed into STM-N signals through three procedures:
Mapping
Aligning
Multiplexing.
MAPPING
SDH mapping  is a procedure by which tributaries are adapted into virtual containers at the
boundary of an SDH network, for example, E1 into VC-12, E3 into VC-3, E4 into VC-4.
ALIGNING
SDH aligning is a procedure by which the frame-offset information is incorporated into the
tributary unit, by adding a pointer
The pointer value constantly locates the start point of the VC frame within the payload, so that
the receiving end can correctly separate the corresponding VC
MULTIPLEXING
SDH multiplexing is the procedure by which multiple lower order path layer signals are adapted
into a higher order path

37
 Multiplexing Structure

C: Container
VC: Virtual Container
TU: Tributary Unit
TUG: Tributary Unit Group
AU: Administrative Unit
AUG: Administrative Unit Group

38
 2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
1 Byte Path
Rate Overhead
Adaptation
VC–12
(POH)
1 4 1 4
1 POH 1

C–12 C–12
9 9
2 Mbps Signal
125 μs MAPPING 125 μs

C-12 Size: (9 Rows x 4 Columns) – 2 = 34 Bytes

C-12 Frame Duration = 125 μs There can be four different POH
bytes for one C-12 V5, J2, N2, K4
VC-12 = C-12 + (1 Byte POH)
VC-12 Size: (9 Rows x 4 Columns) – 1 = 35 Bytes
VC-12 Frame Duration = 125 μs

39
 2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
1 Byte
Tributary Unit Multiplexing

1 VC–12 4
Pointer (TU-
PTR) 1 TU–12 4
x3
1 TUG–2 12
POH 1 POH 1
T T T
U U U
C–12 C–12 - - -
PTR 12 12 12
9 9
125 μs ALIGNING 125 μs MULTIPLEXING 125 μs

TU-12 = VC-12 + (1 Byte TU-PTR)

TU-12 Size : (9 Rows x 12 Columns) = 36 Bytes
TUG-2 = TU-12 + TU-12 + TU-12
TUG-2 size: (9 Rows x 12 Columns) = 108 Bytes
TU-12 and TUG-2 Frame Duration = 125 μs

40
 2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Multiplexing

1 TUG–2 12
x7
1 TUG–3 86
1 T T T T T T T 1
T T T
U U U U U U U
U U U
R R G G G G G G G
- - -
- - - - - - -
12 12 12
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
9 9
125 μs 125 μs

TUG-3 Size = (TUG-2) x 7 + R (2 Columns)

TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 μs

41
 2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Multiplexing

1 TUG–3 86
x3
1 VC–4 261
1 T T T 1
P U U U
O R R G G G
H - - -
3 3 3
9 9
125 μs 125 μs

VC-4 = TUG-3 + TUG-3 + TUG-3 + R (2 Columns) + POH (1 Column)

VC-4 Frame Size = 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes
VC-4 Frame Duration = 125 μs

42
 2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
AU-PTR
Multiplexing RSOH and
x1 MSOH

1 VC–4 261 1 AU–4 270 1 AUG 270 1 STM-1 270

1 1 1 1
RSOH

AU-PTR AU-PTR AU-PTR

VC–4 VC–4 VC–4

MSOH

9 9 9 9
125 μs 125 μs 125 μs 125 μs

2 Mb Multiplexing Route

2 Mb C-12 VC-12 TU-12 TG-2 TG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-1

43
 34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
Rate Path
Adaptation Overhead

1 84
(POH)
1 VC–3 85
1 1
P
C–3 O C–3
9 9
H
34 Mbps Signal
125 μs 125 μs

C-3 Frame Size: 9 rows x 84 columns = 756 Bytes

C-3 Frame Duration: 125 μs

VC-3 = C-3 + (POH) POH = 9 Rows x 1 Column = 9 Byte
VC-3 Frame Size: 9 Rows x 85 Columns = 765 Bytes

VC-3 Frame Duration: 125 μs

44
 34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Tributary Fixed
Unit Pointer
1 TU–3 86
Stuffing Bits
1 TUG–3 86
H1 H1 1
1
H2 H2
H3 H3

VC–3 TU–3
R

9 9
125 μs STUFFING 125 μs

TU-3 = VC-3 + TU-PTR TU-PTR = 3 Byte Pointer (H1, H2 and H3)

TUG-3 = TU-3 + R (Fixed Stuffing R (Fixed Stuffing Bits) = 6 Bytes (Fixed Stuffing Bits)
Bits)
TU-3 and TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 μs

45
 34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

Multiplexing

1 TUG–3 86
x3
1 VC–4 261
H1 1 T T T
H2
H3
P U U U
1

TU–3 OR R G G G
R – – –
9 H 3 3 3 9
125 μs 125 μs

VC-4 = TUG-3 + TUG-3 + TUG-3 + R (2 Columns) + POH (1 Column)

VC-4 Frame Size = 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes

VC-4 Frame Duration = 125 μs

46
 34 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

AU-PTR
Multiplexing RSOH and
x1 MSOH

1 VC–4 261 1 AU–4 270 1 AUG 270 1 STM-1 270

1 1 1 1
RSOH

AU-PTR AU-PTR AU-PTR

VC–4 VC–4 VC–4

MSOH

9 9 9 9
125 μs 125 μs 125 μs 125 μs

34 Mb Multiplexing Route

34 Mb C-3 VC-3 TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-1

47
 140 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
Rate Path
Adaptation Overhead

1 260
(POH)
1 VC–4 261
1 1
P
C–4 O C–4
9 9 H
140 Mbps Signal
125 μs 125 μs

Rate Adaptation: The process of “Bit stuffing”, to account for different

clock rates of the signals coming from different sources

C-4 Frame Size: 9 rows x 260 columns = 2340 Bytes

C-4 Frame Duration: 125 μs

VC-4 = C-4 + (POH) POH = 9 Rows x 1 Column = 9 Byte

VC-4 Frame Size: 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes

48
 140 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

AU-PTR
AU–4
Multiplexing x
1
AUG–4
1 9 10 270 1 9 10 270
1 1

AU-PTR
4
VC–4 AU–4
9 9
125 μs 125 μs

AU-PTR: A 9 byte pointer is inserted at Row No 4

AU–4 Size: (1x9)+(9x261) = 2358 Bytes

AU-4 and AUG Frame Duration: 125 μs

In case of 140 Mb signal mapping in STM-1, AU-4 and AUG are identical

49
 140 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure
RSOH and
MSOH

1
AUG–4 270 AUG–4
1 9 10 270 1 270
1
RSOH 1
3
AU–4
AU–4 STM-1
5
MSOH
9 9
125 μs
125 μs 125 μs

RSOH Size: 3 Rows x 9 Columns = 27 Bytes

MSOH Size: 5 Rows x 9 Columns = 45 Bytes

STM-1 Size: 9 Rows x 270 Columns = 2430 Bytes

STM-1 Frame Size: 125 μs

50
OVERHEADS
 Overhead Bytes
STM-1 Frame Structure
OVERHEAD

RSOH
P
AU-PTR
O

MSOH H

1 270

PAYLOAD
52
 Section Overhead (SOH)

Overhead in SDH frame structure are classified as:

Section Overhead SOH
Path Overhead POH

SOH is further divided into RSOH and MSOH

RSOH can be accessed in the regenerator or at the terminal
equipment
MSOH can be processed at the terminal equipment

53
 Regenerator Section Overhead – RSOH

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X

B1 ∆ ∆ E1 ∆ F1 X X

D1 ∆ ∆ D2 ∆ D3

∆: Media dependent bytes

X: Bytes reserved for national use

54
 A1 and A2 Bytes

Frame Alignment (Framing) Bytes

Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame
A1 = F6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000)
In STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes

stream

STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N

Frame # 1 Frame # 2 Frame # 3 Frame # 4 Frame # 5 Frame # 6

Finding frame head

 A1 and A2 Bytes

Framing

N
Find
A1,A2 625 μs

Y OOF

over 3ms

LOF

Next AIS
process OOF: Out Of Frame
LOF: Loss Of Frame
AIS: Alarm Indication Signal
 Regenerator Section Trace – J0 Byte

Regenerator Section Trace Byte: J0

It’s used to transmit repetitively a Section Access Point
Identifier so that a section receiver can verify its continued
connection to the intended transmitter
Another usage of the J0 byte is that J0 byte in each STM-N
frame is defined as an STM identifier C1 i.e., to identify
individual STM-1 inside a multiplexed STM-N
Within the domain of a single operator, this byte may use
any character

57
 B1 Byte
Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte
A parity code (even parity), used to check the transmission
errors over the RS

A1 00110011 STM-N

A2 11001100 Tx Rx
A3 10101010
BIP-8
A4 00001111 Calculate
2#STM-N
1#STM-N B1 of STM-N #1

Place the result

B 01011010 2#STM-N of BIP in B1 of
Verify B1 B2
1#STM-N
STM-N #2
 F1 Byte

User Channel Byte: F1

Provides a 64 kb/s data/voice channel for special
maintenance purposes.

TM REG ADM TM

F1

59
 E1 and E2 Bytes
Orderwire Bytes: Provides one 64 kbps each for voice
communication
E1: RS Orderwire Byte – RSOH orderwire message
E2: MS Orderwire Byte – MSOH orderwire message

Digital telephone channel

E1-RS, E2-MS

TM ADM REG TM

E1 and E2
 Quiz

If only E2 byte is used as order wire byte, then order

wire voice communication is provided between:
A and B
B and C
C and D

61
 Quiz

If only E1 byte is used as order wire byte, then order

wire voice communication is provided between:
A and B
B and C
C and D
A and D

62
 D1 ~ D12 Bytes
Data Communications Channels (DCC) Bytes
Message-based Channel for OAM between NEs and NMS
RS-DCC – D1 ~ D3 – 192 kbit/s (3X64 kbit/s)
MS-DCC – D4 ~ D12 – 576 kbit/s (9X64kbit/s)

NE NE NE NE

DCC channel
TMN OAM Information: Control, Maintenance,
Remote Provisioning, Monitoring (Alarm &
Performance), Administration
 Multiplex Section Overhead – MSOH

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 M1 E2 X X

X: Bytes reserved for national use

64
 B2 Bytes

The B1 byte monitors the transmission error of the

complete STM-N frame signal

The B2 bytes monitor the error performance status for

each STM-1 frame within the STM-N frame

There are N*3 B2 bytes in an STM-N frame with

every three B2 bytes corresponding to an STM-1 frame

65
 B2 Bytes
B2 Byte Principle
At transmitting end, the BIP-Nx24 is computed over all bits of the STM-
N frame except for the first three rows of SOH, and the result is placed
in 3 bytes B2 of the preceding frame before scrambling.
At receiving end, the BIP- Nx24 is computed over all bits of the frame
except for the first three rows of SOH, and then Exclusive OR with the
B2 bytes of the later arrived frame.
If the value of Exclusive OR operation is zero, there is no bit block
error. Any mismatch in result indicates transmission errors.

11001100 11001100 11001100

For example
BIP-N×24 is computed over
a frame of signal composed
of 9 bytes.
01011101 01011101 01011101
BIP24 11110000 11110000 11110000
01100001 01100001 01100001

66
 K1 and K2 (b1 ~ b5)

Automatic Protection Switching (APS) channel

bytes
Used for transmitting APS signaling to implement
equipment self-healing function
The K1 byte and K2(b1~b5) are used for
automatic switchover to a standby path

67
 K1 and K2 (b1 ~ b5)
NE-B detects a transmission error on the line and informs NE-A via K1 byte
to switchover
NE-A switches to the standby channel
NE-A via K2 byte indicates the switchover in NE-B
NE-B switches to the standby channel

NE-A NE-B
Working path

Standby path
K2

Working path
K1

Standby path

68
 S1 Byte
Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSMB)
This byte is used for synchronization of network
Bits 5 to 8 of S1 byte indicate the quality of the incoming clock
The smaller the value of S1 (b5-b8), the higher the level of clock quality
This helps to determine whether or not to switch the clock source, i.e.
switch to higher quality clock source

bits 5 ~ 8 Meaning
Quality unknown (existing sync.
0000
Network)

0010 G.811 PRC

0100 G.812 transit

1000 G.812 local

G.813 SETS (Synchronous Equipment

1011
Timing Clock)
 M1 Byte

Multiplex Section Remote Error Indication （ MS-

REI ） Byte
This byte is used to report back the number of error blocks
detected by the receiver by evaluating three B2 bytes
Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-REI

Evaluate B2 and
detect bit errors
Traffic
B2 B2 B2

Tx Rx
M1

MS-REI Generate MS-REI Report no. of

errors detected
 Path Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 J1
2 B3
3 C2
4 G1
5 F2
6 H4
7 F3
8 K3
9 N1
Higher Order Path Overhead
VC-n Path Trace Byte
Path BIP-8
Path Signal Label
Path Status
Path User Channel
TU Multiframe Indication
Path User Channel
AP Switching
Network Operator
 Path Signal Label : C2 Byte

C2 byte is used to indicate the type and composition

of the VC-4 tributary information

72
 Path Status : G1 Byte

Path status byte

This byte is used to report back the fault from path sink to path
source and is set in the POH of the opposite direction

HP-REI HP-RDI Reserved

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

HP-REI: High order Path Remote Error Indication

HP-RDI: High order Path Remote Defect Indication

73
 HP-REI and HP-RDI

Higher order Path Remote Error Indication

The SDH NE (sink end) checks B3 bytes
If error blocks are detected, the number of error blocks detected
is sent to the remote terminal in HP-REI signal
The SDH NE (sink end) checks J1 and C2 bytes
Higher order Path Remote Defect Indication
If J1 and C2 fail to be consistent, HP-TIM (Higher order path
Trace Identifier Mismatch) and HP-SLM (Higher order Path
Signal Label Mismatch) alarms are generated
HP-RDI is sent back to the remote end

74
 Multiframe Indication : H4 Byte

This byte indicates the frame

label for a multiframe in the next
VC-4 payload
The value of this byte ranges
from 00H to 03H

75
 Path Overheads
Low Order Path Overhead
1 4
1
V5 J2 N2 K4

VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12

9
500μs VC-12 multiframe
 Path Status and Signal Label : V5 Byte
BIP-2 LP-REI LP-RFI Signal Label LP-RDI
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BIP-2
Parity code of VC-12

LP-REI
Low order Path Remote Error Indication
LP-REI is set to "1" and returned to teh opposite direction if one or more errors are detected via BIP-2

LP-RFI
Low order Path Remote Failure Indication
If a defect condition persists beyond the maximum allowed time, it becomes a failure, then LP-RFI is set to "1"
and sent back to the source

Signal Label
Indicates type and composition of VC-12 tributary information

LP-RFI
Low order Path Remote Defect Indication
If sink end detects a TU-12 AIS, it sets LP-RDI to "1" and sends back to the source

77
POINTERS
 Pointers

Pointers

AU-PTR TU-PTR
 AU-PTR
1
RSOH

AU-PTR 4

MSOH

9
 AU-PTR

H1 Y Y H2 F F H3 H3 H3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Y: Fixed value “1001SS11”

F: Fixed value “11111111”
H3: Additional transmission capacity during negative justification
H1 and H2: Pointer value is contained in the last ten bits of H1
and H2

81
 AU-PTR
H1 and H2
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D

N: New data flag bits

A notification to the receiver about the change in pointer value and pointer
justification operation

AU/TU type:
For AU-4 and TU-3, SS=10

I/D: Increment/Decrement bits

D bits are inverted to decrement next AU-PTR address (-ve justification)
I bits are inverted to increment next AU-PTR address (+ve justification)

82
 TU-PTR

The tributary unit pointer is used to indicate the

specific location of the first byte (V5) of the VC-12
within the TU-12 payload

83
 TU-PTR
500μs VC-12 multiframe
1

VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12

9 V1 V2 V3 V4

TU POINTERS
THANK YOU