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Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life
Unaided eye
muscle cells
0.1 m
Chicken egg
1 cm
Frog egg
1 mm
Light microscope
100 µm
Most plant and
animal cells
10 µm
Nucleus
Most bacteria
Electron microscope
Mitochondrion
1 µm
Smallest bacteria
100 nm
Viruses
Ribosomes
10 nm
Proteins
Lipids
1 nm
Small molecules
0.1 nm Atoms
• LMs can magnify effectively to about 1,000
times the size of the actual specimen
• Various techniques enhance contrast and
enable cell components to be stained or
labeled
• Most subcellular structures, including
organelles (membrane-enclosed
compartments), are too small to be resolved by
an LM
– No membrane-bound organelles
Fimbriae
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Inside of
cell 0.1 µm
Carbohydrate side chain
Hydrophilic
region
Hydrophobic
region
Hydrophilic
Phospholipid Proteins
region
(b) Structure of the plasma membrane
A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell
Nuclear
envelope
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Nucleolus NUCLEUS
Rough ER Smooth ER
Flagellum Chromatin
Centrosome
Plasma
membrane
CYTOSKELETON:
Microfilaments
Intermediate
filaments
Microtubules
Ribosomes
Microvilli
Golgi
Peroxisome apparatus
Mitochondrion
Lysosome
Fig. 6-9b
Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
NUCLEUS Nucleolus
Chromatin
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Central vacuole
Golgi
apparatus
Microfilaments
Intermediate
filaments CYTO-
SKELETON
Microtubules
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Chloroplast
Plasma
membrane
Cell wall
Plasmodesmata
Wall of adjacent cell
Concept 6.3: The eukaryotic cell’s genetic
instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried
out by the ribosomes
Nucleus
1 µm Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope:
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Nuclear pore
Pore
complex
Rough ER
Surface of
nuclear envelope
Ribosome 1 µm
0.25 µm
Close-up of nuclear
envelope
Cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Large
subunit
Small
0.5 µm subunit
TEM showing ER and ribosomes Diagram of a ribosome
Concept 6.4: The endomembrane system regulates
protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in
the cell
• Components of the endomembrane system:
– Nuclear envelope
– Endoplasmic reticulum
– Golgi apparatus
– Lysosomes
– Vacuoles
– Plasma membrane
• These components are either continuous or
connected via transfer by vesicles
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory
Rough ER Nuclear
envelope
ER lumen
Cisternae
Ribosomes Transitional ER
Transport vesicle 200 nm
Smooth ER Rough ER
Functions of Smooth ER
• The smooth ER
– Synthesizes lipids
– Metabolizes carbohydrates
– Detoxifies poison
– Stores calcium
• The rough ER
– Has bound ribosomes, which secrete
glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to
carbohydrates)
– Distributes transport vesicles, proteins
surrounded by membranes
– Is a membrane factory for the cell
cis face
(“receiving” side of 0.1 µm
Golgi apparatus) Cisternae
trans face
(“shipping” side of TEM of Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus)
Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments
Mitochondrion
fragment
Peroxisome
fragment
Lysosome
Digestive
enzymes
Lysosome Lysosome
Plasma Peroxisome
membrane
Digestion
Lysosome
Digestive
enzymes
Lysosome
Plasma
membrane
Digestion
Food vacuole
(a) Phagocytosis
Fig. 6-14b
Vesicle containing 1 µm
two damaged organelles
Mitochondrion
fragment
Peroxisome
fragment
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion Digestion
Vesicle
(b) Autophagy
Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Nucleus Central
vacuole
Cell wall
Chloroplast
5 µm
Concept 6.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts
change energy from one form to another
• Mitochondria are the sites of cellular
respiration, a metabolic process that generates
ATP
• Chloroplasts, found in plants and algae, are
the sites of photosynthesis
• Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles
Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Free
ribosomes
in the
mitochondrial
matrix Inner
membrane
Cristae
Matrix
0.1 µm
Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy
Ribosomes
Stroma
Inner and outer
membranes
Granum
1 µm
Thylakoid
Peroxisomes: Oxidation
Microtubule
Microfilaments
0.25 µm
Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support, Motility, and
Regulation
• The cytoskeleton helps to support the cell and
maintain its shape
• It interacts with motor proteins to produce
motility
• Inside the cell, vesicles can travel along
“monorails” provided by the cytoskeleton
• Recent evidence suggests that the
cytoskeleton may help regulate biochemical
activities
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 6-21
Vesicle
ATP
Receptor for
motor protein
(b)
Components of the Cytoskeleton
Microtubule
Centrioles
0.25 µm
0.5 µm
(a) Longitudinal 0.1 µm
section of cilium Triplet
Dynein
protein
(a) Effect of unrestrained dynein movement
ATP
Cross-linking
proteins
inside outer doublets
Anchorage
in cell
1 3
Microtubule
doublets ATP
Dynein
protein
(a) Effect of unrestrained dynein movement
Fig. 6-25b
ATP
Cross-linking proteins
inside outer doublets
Anchorage
in cell
1 3
2
Microvillus
Plasma membrane
Microfilaments (actin
filaments)
Intermediate filaments
0.25 µm
• Microfilaments that function in cellular motility
contain the protein myosin in addition to actin
• In muscle cells, thousands of actin filaments
are arranged parallel to one another
• Thicker filaments composed of myosin
interdigitate with the thinner actin fibers
Muscle cell
Actin filament
Myosin filament
Myosin arm
Extending
pseudopodium
Nonmoving cortical
cytoplasm (gel)
Chloroplast
Streaming
cytoplasm
(sol) Vacuole
Parallel actin
filaments Cell wall
Muscle cell
Actin filament
Myosin filament
Myosin arm
Nonmoving cortical
cytoplasm (gel)
Chloroplast
Streaming
cytoplasm
(sol)
Vacuole
Parallel actin
filaments
Cell wall
– Intercellular junctions
Secondary
cell wall
Primary
cell wall
Middle
lamella
1 µm
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Plasma membrane
Plasmodesmata
The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells
Carbo-
hydrates
Fibronectin Core
protein
Integrins
Proteoglycan
molecule
Plasma
membrane
Proteoglycan complex
Micro- CYTOPLASM
filaments
Fig. 6-30a
Collagen Proteoglycan
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID complex
Fibronectin
Integrins
Plasma
membrane
Micro- CYTOPLASM
filaments
• Functions of the ECM:
– Support
– Adhesion
– Movement
– Regulation
Animation: Desmosomes
Tight
Tight junctions prevent junction
fluid from moving
across a layer of cells
0.5 µm
Tight junction
Intermediate
filaments
Desmosome
Gap Desmosome
1 µm
junctions
Extracellular
Space matrix
between Gap junction
cells
Plasma membranes
of adjacent cells
0.1 µm
Fig. 6-32a
Tight junctions prevent
fluid from moving
across a layer of cells
Tight junction
Intermediate
filaments
Desmosome
Gap
junctions
Extracellular
Space matrix
between
cells
Plasma membranes
of adjacent cells
Fig. 6-32b
Tight junction
0.5 µm
Fig. 6-32c
Desmosome
1 µm
Fig. 6-32d
Gap junction
0.1 µm
Fig. 6-UN3
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