This document discusses key concepts in public and community health, including demography, population growth, disease measurement, outbreak investigation, and maternal and child health (MCH). It defines terms like incidence, prevalence, outbreak, epidemic, and community diagnosis. It outlines steps for community assessment and identifying health problems. Overall, the document provides an overview of important population health topics and measurements.
This document discusses key concepts in public and community health, including demography, population growth, disease measurement, outbreak investigation, and maternal and child health (MCH). It defines terms like incidence, prevalence, outbreak, epidemic, and community diagnosis. It outlines steps for community assessment and identifying health problems. Overall, the document provides an overview of important population health topics and measurements.
This document discusses key concepts in public and community health, including demography, population growth, disease measurement, outbreak investigation, and maternal and child health (MCH). It defines terms like incidence, prevalence, outbreak, epidemic, and community diagnosis. It outlines steps for community assessment and identifying health problems. Overall, the document provides an overview of important population health topics and measurements.
This document discusses key concepts in public and community health, including demography, population growth, disease measurement, outbreak investigation, and maternal and child health (MCH). It defines terms like incidence, prevalence, outbreak, epidemic, and community diagnosis. It outlines steps for community assessment and identifying health problems. Overall, the document provides an overview of important population health topics and measurements.
Dr HTumusiime(MD,MPH) Demography • Demography is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. • encompasses the study of size, structure, and distribution of these populations, • and changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging, and death • the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations. • the composition of a particular human population. • Population growth is the increase in the number of people living in a particular area. • populations can grow exponentially (over population) • causing resource depletion rapidly that may lead to; • specific environmental concerns such as • global warming, deforestation and decreasing biodiversity • Other negative effects of population growth include poverty caused by low income per capita, famine and diseases Measurement of health & counting of diseases • The first task in measuring disease in a population is to count its occurrence. • Counting disease frequency can be done in several ways • Measures of morbidity frequency characterize the number of persons in a population who become ill (incidence) • or are ill at a given time (prevalence). • Incidence refers to the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of time incidence • Incidence –no of new cases of a disease that occurs during a specified period of time in a pop at risk for developing the disease. • Is a measure of the probability of occurrence of a given disease in a population in a specified period of time. • Although loosely expressed as no of new cases ,its better expressed as rate or proportion with a denominator. • Denominator must have potential to become the numerator • Measure of risk of contracting disease • More useful than prevalence in regard to etiology • Disease that takes long to cure has high prevalence but low incidence Prevalence
• No of affected persons in the pop at a specific time
divided by the pop at that time. • What proportion of the pop is affected by the disease at that time. • It’s a snap shot or a slice thru the pop at a point in time. • Mix of people with different duration of disease and there4 its not a measure of risk • Point prevalence as described above • Period prevalence-over a duration of time. • Prevalence= Incidence x Duration Disease out break • is a sudden increase in occurrence of disease when case are in excess of normal expectancy in certain geographical location • May affect small n localized grp or thousands of pop across wider area. • An epidermic is more widespread than an outbreak • It can also be a single case in new area • If not quickly controlled an outbreak can become an epidermic Steps for investigating an outbreak • verification • Prepare to conduct further investigations • Construct a case definition • Collect lab tests & get results • Search & record more cases while managing the already identified cases • Describe the epidemic • Formulate hypothesis • Reach at a final decision • Take control measures/intervene • Report and disseminate findings Types of epidermic • Common source point, continuous, intermittent • Propagated • Mixed Community diagnosis • Community -A group of people who share common interests and experiences-(eg pple in same geog boundaries- village,street etc or pple wiz same cultural and social background eg religion,occupation etc • Community Diagnosis- Comprehensive assessment of state as an entire community in relation to its social,political,economical,physical & biological envt. • Purpose-it helps in identification &quantification of health problem in community as the whole in terms of morbidity & mortality rates and ratios. • Identification of those at risks & in need of health care Community assessment • process of gathering, analyzing and reporting information about the needs of the community • and the capacities or strengths that are also currently available in the community to meet those needs. • Begins by convening a meeting with community leaders, influential, political and professional people • establishing a vision and prioritizing the issues that require change Steps in conducting Community DX • Establishing the assessment team • Identifying & secure resources • Identifying & engaging community partners • Collecting ,analyzing & presenting data • Setting health priorities • Clarify the issue • Setting goals &presenting measuring progress • Choosing the strategy • Developing the community health assessment of results,managing and sustain the process. Criteria for identifying a problem • Relevance • Duplication • Urgency of data • Political • Feasibility • Ethical acceptability • Applicability of results MCH • Programs that focus on health issues concerning women, children and families • Access to recommended prenatal & wellbeing child care • Infant and maternal mortality prevention • New borne screening • Immunization • Child nutrition • aims to support pregnant women to experience healthy pregnancies • Support parents of infants &young children and their families • Access to quality MCH care ensures both mother n child are safe • Specific objectives of MCH include reduction of MMR,IMR,child hood mortality n morbidity • Promotion of reproductive health • Physical and psychosocial devt of the child Factors affecting MCH • Age of the mother • Social economic factors • Income level • Education level • General health status of the mother • Access to medical care