Theory

Atomic Theory

Atomic Theory
mic Theory
Matter is made of empty space
and small indivisible particles

Atoms from the Greek word

“atomos" that means indivisible

He did not have experimental

evidence to support his ideas.
• Aristotle
Atomic Models
 J.J. Thomson (1897)
· He conducted an experiment that suggested that
atoms are not indivisible.

· He discovered the electrons: Negatively charge particles

inside the atom

· Determined the charge to mass ratio of electrons

• Based on what was learned about electrons,
two inferences were made about atomic
structure:
• 1) because atoms are neutral, they must
contain a positive particle to balance the
negative electrons
• 2) because electrons have so much less
mass than atoms, atoms must contain
another particles to account for most of their
mass
Atomic Models
 Rutherford (1911):

· He discovered the nucleus of the atom:

· Center of the atom where is located the atom’s positive
charge

· He established that:
· the nucleus is very small
· the positive charge of the atom is in the nucleus
· the electrons orbit the nucleus
Atomic Models
The proton and neutron
Atomic Structure
Example:
1) An atom has 91 protons and 140 neutrons.  
Determine the: 
• a) atomic number 91
•  b) mass number 231
•  c) number of electrons 91
Example:
2) If an element has an atomic number of 34 and mass number of 78,
what is:

   a) the number of protons? 34

•  b) neutrons? 44
•  c) electrons? 34
Complete the table:
Complete the table:
 Isotopes
· Atoms of the same element with different
masses.

· Isotopes of a given element have the

same number of protons, but different
number of neutrons.
Hydrogen Isotopes
Hydrogen Isotopes
Isotope Notation
Complete the table:
Complete the table:
Complete the table:
Average Atomic Mass
· Average of the atomic masses of all naturally
occurring isotopes of an element.

· Depends on both the mass and the relative

abundance of each of the element's isotopes.
Exercises:
• Example #1:
Use the data to calculate the average atomic mass of Chlorine:
Chlorine-35 (34. 97amu, 76%)
Chlorine-37 (36.97amu, 24%)
• Example #2:
Find the average atomic mass for Lithium if 7.59% of Lithium atoms are
Li-6 (6.015amu) and 92.41% of Lithium atoms are Li-7 (7.016 amu).
• Mole: SI base unit for amount of substance

• Avogadro's number: Number of particles in exactly one mole of

a pure substance

• Molar Mass: Mass of one mole of a pure substance