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AI Session 1 Slides
AI Session 1 Slides
Session 1 Slides
Module Objectives
By the end of this module, you should be able to
🠶 Understand the concepts and practical applications of Artificial
Intelligence (AI),
🠶 Appreciate the contribution of AI in technological development in
expert systems,
🠶 Know how to apply the foundation of knowledge engineering and
Solve AI related problems through the design of simple intelligent
systems using conventional programming languages or PROLOG.
🠶 Understand AI new application areas such as Artificial intelligence 2.0
What is AI?
🠶 Artificial intelligence (AI), Major AI researchers and textbooks define this
field as "the study and design of intelligent agents", where an intelligent agent
is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its
chances of success.
🠶 John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955, defines it as "the science and
engineering of making intelligent machines.
🠶 AI research is also divided by several technical issues. Some subfields focus on
the solution of specific problems. Others focus on one of several possible
approaches or on the use of a particular tool or towards the accomplishment of
particular applications.
🠶 The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge,
planning, learning, natural language processing (communication), perception
and the ability to move and manipulate objects
🠶
Components of AI: Learning
🠶 There are a number of different forms of learning as applied to artificial
intelligence.
🠶 The simplest is learning by trial and error.
🠶 For example, a simple computer program for solving mate-in-
one chess problems might try moves at random until mate is found.
🠶 The program might then store the solution with the position so that the next
time the computer encountered the same position it would recall the
solution. .
Reasoning
🠶 To reason is to draw inferences appropriate to the situation.
🠶 Inferences are classified as either deductive or inductive.
🠶 An example of the former is, “Fred must be in either the museum or the café.
🠶 He is not in the café; therefore he is in the museum,” and of the latter,
🠶 “Previous accidents of this sort were caused by instrument failure; therefore
this accident was caused by instrument failure.”
🠶 Deductive reasoning is a type of deduction used in science and in life. It is
when you take two true statements, or premises, to form a conclusion.
🠶 For example, A is equal to B. B is also equal to C. Given those two statements,
you can conclude A is equal to C using deductive reasoning.
Reasoning
🠶 In inductive inference, we go from the specific to the general.
🠶 We make many observations, discern a pattern, make a generalization, and infer an
explanation or a theory
🠶 An example of inductive logic is, "The coin I pulled from the bag is a penny. That
coin is a penny.
🠶 A third coin from the bag is a penny.
🠶 Therefore, all the coins in the bag are pennies.“
🠶 Abductive reasoning
🠶 Another form of scientific reasoning that doesn't fit in with inductive or deductive
reasoning is abductive.
🠶 Abductive reasoning usually starts with an incomplete set of observations and
proceeds to the likeliest possible explanation for the group of observations
Reasoning
🠶 Abductive reasoning
🠶 It is based on making and testing hypotheses using the best information
available. It often entails making an educated guess after observing a
phenomenon for which there is no clear explanation.
🠶 For example, a person walks into their living room and finds torn up papers all
over the floor. The person's dog has been alone in the room all day. The person
concludes that the dog tore up the papers because it is the most likely scenario.
Now, the person's sister may have brought by his niece and she may have torn
up the papers, or it may have been done by the landlord, but the dog theory is
the more likely conclusion.
🠶 Abductive reasoning is useful for forming hypotheses to be tested.
🠶 Abductive reasoning is often used by doctors who make a diagnosis based on
test results and by jurors who make decisions based on the evidence presented
to them
Problem solving
🠶 Problem solving, particularly in artificial intelligence, may be characterized as
a systematic search through a range of possible actions in order to reach some
predefined goal or solution.
🠶 Problem-solving methods divide into special purpose and general purpose.
🠶 A special-purpose method is tailor-made for a particular problem and often
exploits very specific features of the situation in which the problem is
embedded.
🠶 In contrast, a general-purpose method is applicable to a wide variety of
problems.
Perception
🠶 In perception the environment is scanned by means of various sensory organs,
real or artificial, and the scene is decomposed into separate objects in various
spatial relationships.
🠶 Analysis is complicated by the fact that an object may appear different
depending on the angle from which it is viewed, the direction and intensity of
illumination in the scene, and how much the object contrasts with the
surrounding field.
🠶 At present, artificial perception is sufficiently well advanced to enable optical
sensors to identify individuals, autonomous vehicles to drive at moderate
speeds on the open road, and robots to roam through buildings collecting
empty soda cans.
🠶 One of the earliest systems to integrate perception and action was FREDDY, a
stationary robot with a moving television eye and a pincer hand, constructed at
the University of Edinburgh, UK
Perception
🠶 FREDDY was able to recognize a variety of objects and could be instructed to
assemble simple artifacts, such as a toy car, from a random heap of
components.
Language
🠶 Artificial intelligence can grasp the meaning of simple language, and speak
back to you, but it is limited by its literal interpretations of our questions.
🠶 A computer can know the definition of a word, but it doesn’t understand the
meaning of words within a larger context.
🠶 If you’re interested in tech or sci-fi, you’ve probably heard of the Turing test.
🠶 Alan Turing was one of the first people to take the potential of AI seriously,
and he knew that one day machines would match human intelligence.
🠶 He had an idea for a simple test: If a human can’t distinguish between a
machine and another human in conversation, then the machine has reached the
level of human intelligence.
Language
🠶 Chatbots have come a long way from often useless dummies to intelligent
assistants that can trick you into thinking you’re actually communicating with
a real person.
🠶 With chatbots getting smarter, people have started using
them in learning foreign languages.
🠶 All you have to do is engage in a dialog with an AI bot and learn through the
process of communication.
🠶 AI-powered language learning chatbots provide customized answers in
response to your messages and can even grade your performance or give tips
on what you need to improve.
🠶 And the best part? You don’t have to face the anxiety of failure that you
might when you’re talking to a real person.
Alan Turing And The Beginning Of AI
🠶 Theoretical work
🠶 The earliest substantial work in the field of artificial intelligence was done in
the mid-20th century by the British logician and computer pioneer Alan
Mathison Turing
🠶 Turing often discussed how computers could learn from experience as well as
solve new problems through the use of guiding principles—a process now
known as heuristic problem solving.
🠶 Turing gave quite possibly the earliest public lecture (London, 1947) to mention
computer intelligence, saying, “What we want is a machine that can learn from
experience,” and that the “possibility of letting the machine alter its own
instructions provides the mechanism for this.”
🠶 In 1948 he introduced many of the central concepts of AI in a report entitled
“Intelligent Machinery.” However, Turing did not publish this paper, and many
of his ideas were later reinvented by others.
AI domains
AI domains
🠶 Expert Systems
🠶 is an interactive and reliable computer-based decision-making system which uses both facts and
heuristics to solve complex decision-making problems.
🠶 It is considered at the highest level of human intelligence and expertise. The purpose of an expert
system is to solve the most complex issues in a specific domain.
🠶 The Expert System can resolve many issues which generally would require a human expert. It is
based on knowledge acquired from an expert.
🠶 It is also capable of expressing and reasoning about some domain of knowledge
🠶 Characteristics of Expert Systems
🠶 High performance
🠶 Understandable
🠶 Reliable
🠶 Highly responsive
🠶 Expert Systems
AI domains
🠶 Robotics
🠶 While AI can be entirely software, robots are physical machines that move.
Robots are subject to physical impact, typically through “sensors”, and they
exert physical force onto the world, typically through “actuators”, like a
gripper or a turning wheel.
🠶 Accordingly, autonomous cars or planes are robots, and only a minuscule
portion of robots is “humanoid” (human-shaped), like in the movies.
AI domains
🠶 Robotics
🠶 Artificially intelligent robots are the bridge between robotics and AI.
🠶 These are robots that are controlled by AI programs.
🠶 Most robots are not artificially intelligent. Up until quite recently, all industrial
robots could only be programmed to carry out a repetitive series of
movements which, as we have discussed, do not require artificial intelligence.
🠶 However, non-intelligent robots are quite limited in their functionality.
AI domains
🠶 Robotics
🠶 A warehouse robot might use a path-finding algorithm to navigate around the
warehouse.
🠶 A drone might use autonomous navigation to return home when it is about to
run out of battery.
🠶 A self-driving car might use a combination of AI algorithms to detect and
avoid potential hazards on the road.
🠶 These are all examples of artificially intelligent robots.
Assignment One
🠶 Groups
AI domains
🠶 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
🠶 An artificial neural network (ANN) is the piece of a computing system
designed to simulate the way the human brain analyzes and processes
information.
🠶 It is the foundation of artificial intelligence (AI) and solves problems that
would prove impossible or difficult by human or statistical standards.
🠶 ANNs have self-learning capabilities that enable them to produce better results
as more data becomes available
🠶 An artificial neural network (ANN) is the component of artificial intelligence
that is meant to simulate the functioning of a human brain.
🠶 Processing units make up ANNs, which in turn consist of inputs and outputs.
🠶 The inputs are what the ANN learns from to produce the desired output.
AI domains
🠶 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
🠶 An ANN initially goes through a training phase where it learns to recognize
patterns in data, whether visually, aurally, or textually.
🠶 During this supervised phase, the network compares its actual output produced
with what it was meant to produce—the desired output.
🠶 The difference between both outcomes is adjusted using back propagation.
🠶 This means that the network works backward, going from the output unit to
the input units to adjust the weight of its connections between the units until
the difference between the actual and desired outcome produces the lowest
possible error.
AI domains
🠶 if-then rules,
🠶 if x is A then y is B
🠶 x is A ” is called the premise premise (proposition from which another is
inferred)
🠶 “y is B ” is called the conclusion
🠶 If the road is slippery, then driving is dangerous.
🠶 If an apple is red, then it is ripe.
🠶 If the speed is high, then apply the brake a little
Techniques in detail: Recap
🠶 Knowledge Representation:
🠶 as a semantic network
🠶 A semantic network approach views the meaning of concepts as being determined by
their relations to other concepts.
🠶 Concepts are represented as nodes with labeled links (e.g., IS-A or Part-of) as
relationships among the nodes.
🠶 Thus, knowledge is a combination of information about concepts and how those
concepts relate to each other.
Techniques in detail: Recap
🠶 Knowledge Representation:
🠶 as a semantic network
Techniques in detail: Recap
🠶 Knowledge Representation: