BIOCHEMICAL

THERMODYANAMICS
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYANAMICS.

AFRIN BANU IBRAHIM

112721214001
13/10/2022
ST PETER’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY.
  FIRST LAW DEFINITION

 CYCLIC AND NON CYCLIC

PROCESSES

 CONCEPT OF ENTHALPY

Synopsis
 CONCEPT OF HEAT CAPACITY
DEFINITION:
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that heat is a form of
energy, and thermodynamic processes are therefore subject to the
principle of conservation of energy. This means that heat energy
cannot be created or destroyed. It can, however, be transferred from
one location to another and converted to and from other forms of
energy.

The equation for the first law of thermodynamics is given as;

ΔU = q + W

Where,

ΔU = change in internal energy of the system.

q = algebraic sum of heat transfer between system and surroundings.
W = work interaction of the system with its surroundings.

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 For a closed system,
Process Internal energy change Heat (q) Work(w) Example

Adiabatic (q=0) +/- 0 +/- An isolated system in

which heat neither enters
nor leaves
Constant Volume(ΔV) +/- +/- 0 A hard, pressure isolated
(isochoric) system like a bomb
calorimeter
Constant pressure +/ – Enthalpy − p ΔV Most processes occur in
(isobaric) constant external
pressure
Isothermal 0 +/- -/+ There is no change of
temperature like a
temperature bath

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 LIMITATIONS OF THE LAW:

 The law states that whenever a system undergoes any thermodynamic process it
always holds certain energy balance. However, the first law fails to give the feasibility
of the process or change of state that the system undergoes.

 The first law only quantifies the energy transfer that takes place during this process.
It is the second law of thermodynamics which provides the criterion for the feasibility
of the various processes.

Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind (PMM1)

 It is impossible to construct a machine that can continuously supply mechanical work
without consuming any energy simultaneously. Such a hypothetical machine is known
as the perpetual motion machine of the first kind. These types of machines violate the
1st law of thermodynamics and do not exist in reality.

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 (1)Change in internal energy for cyclic process is zero and also
ΔU∝ΔT
ΔT=0
 i.e. temperature of system remains constant.

(2) From FLOT  

ΔQ=ΔU+ΔW
ΔQ=ΔW
i.e. heat supplied is equal to the work done by the system.

(3) For cyclic process P-V graph is a closed curve and area enclosed by the closed path represents the work done.
If the cycle is clockwise work done is positive and if the cycle is anticlockwise work done is negative            
(4) Work done in non cyclic process depends upon the path chosen or the series of changes .

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CONCEPT OF ENTHALPY:
• In thermodynamics, the enthalpy is the measure of energy in a thermodynamic
system. It is the thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a
system. The enthalpy is defined to be the sum of the internal energy E plus the
product of the pressure p and volume V
• . Enthalpy is an extensive quantity, it depends on the size of the system, or on
the amount of substance it contains. The SI unit of enthalpy is the joule (J). It is
the energy contained within the system, excluding the kinetic energy of motion
of the system as a whole and the potential energy of the system as a whole due
to external force fields. It is the thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total
heat content of a system.
• Enthalpy is represented by the symbol H, and the change in enthalpy in a
process is H2 – H1.

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FORMULAS:
Enthalpy is represented by the symbol H, and the change in enthalpy in a process is
• H2 – H1.
• H = U + pV
There are expressions in terms of more familiar variables such as temperature and
pressure:

• dH = CpdT + V(1-αT)dp
Where Cp is the heat capacity at constant pressure and α is the coefficient of (cubic)
thermal expansion. For ideal gas αT = 1 and therefore:
• dH = CpdT

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CONCEPT OF HEAT CAPACITY:
Heat capacity is the thermal mass of the
object and is defined as the energy in Joules
required raising the temperature of the given
object by one degree Celsius. Furthermore,
this specific heat of the object (defined
chemical/physical property) multiplied by its
mass and the change in temperature.

Heat capacity = mass × specific heat × change

in temperature
Q = mc ΔT

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FORMULAS:
The heat Capacity formula is expressed as the product of mass, specific heat, and change in the
temperature which is mathematically given as:

Q = mcΔT

Where,
Q is the heat capacity in Joules
m is the mass in grams
c is the specific heat of an object in J/g °C
ΔT is the change in the temperature in °C
The heat capacity problem can be applied to calculate the heat capacity, mass or temperature
difference of any given substance.
Heat Capacity is described in Joule per Kelvin (J/K).

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